Two-Dimensional Warping for One-Dimensional Signals-Conceptual Framework and Application to ECG Processing

• Published in: IEEE transactions on signal processing Vol. 62; no. 21; pp. 5577 - 5588
• Main Authors: Schmidt, Martin, Baumert, Mathias, Porta, Alberto, Malberg, Hagen, Zaunseder, Sebastian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.11.2014; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Correlation; Cost function; Diagnostic systems; Dynamic time warping; ECG; Electrocardiography; Heart attacks; Heuristic algorithms; Patients; Physiology; QT interval; QT variability; Recording; signal processing; Signal processing algorithms; Similarity; Two dimensional; two-dimensional warping; Vectors; Warpage; Warping
• ISSN: 1053-587X; 1941-0476
• DOI: 10.1109/TSP.2014.2354313

We propose a novel method for evaluating the similarity between two 1d patterns. Our method, referred to as two-dimensional signal warping (2DSW), extends the basic ideas of known warping techniques such as dynamic time warping and correlation optimized warping. By employing two-dimensional piecewise stretching 2DSW is able to take into account inhomogeneous variations of shapes. We apply 2DSW to ECG recordings to extract beat-to-beat variability in QT intervals (QTV) that is indicative of ventricular repolarization lability and typically characterised by a low signal-to-noise ratio. Simulation studies show high robustness of our approach in presence of typical ECG artefacts. Comparison of short-term ECG recorded in normal subjects versus patients with myocardial infarction (MI) shows significantly increased QTV in patients (normal subject 2.36 ms ± 1.05 ms vs. MI patients 5.94 ms ± 5.23 ms (mean ± std), ). Evaluation of a standard QT database shows that 2DSW allows highly accurate tracking of QRS-onset and T-end. In conclusion, the two-dimensional warping approach introduced here is able to detect subtle changes in noisy quasi-periodic biomedical signals such as ECG and may have diagnostic potential for measuring repolarization lability in MI patients. In more general terms, the proposed method provides a novel means for morphological characterization of 1d signals.