Flexible and Stretchable Electrochemical Sensors for Biological Monitoring

• Published in: Advanced materials (Weinheim) Vol. 37; no. 31; p. e2305917
• Main Authors: Zhao, Yi, Jin, Kai‐Qi, Li, Jing‐Du, Sheng, Kai‐Kai, Huang, Wei‐Hua, Liu, Yan‐Ling
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Germany Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.08.2025
• Subjects: Animals; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - analysis; Biomonitoring; Biosensing Techniques - instrumentation; Biosensing Techniques - methods; Biosensors; Chemical sensors; Electrochemical Techniques - instrumentation; Electrochemical Techniques - methods; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Electrolytic cells; Epidermis; Humans; Metabolites; epidermal analysis; cell monitoring; flexible electronics; electrochemical sensors; biochemical molecules; tissue detection
• ISSN: 0935-9648; 1521-4095; 1521-4095
• DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305917

The rise of flexible and stretchable electronics has revolutionized biosensor techniques for probing biological systems. Particularly, flexible and stretchable electrochemical sensors (FSECSs) enable the in situ quantification of numerous biochemical molecules in different biological entities owing to their exceptional sensitivity, fast response, and easy miniaturization. Over the past decade, the fabrication and application of FSECSs have significantly progressed. This review highlights key developments in electrode fabrication and FSECSs functionalization. It delves into the electrochemical sensing of various biomarkers, including metabolites, electrolytes, signaling molecules, and neurotransmitters from biological systems, encompassing the outer epidermis, tissues/organs in vitro and in vivo, and living cells. Finally, considering electrode preparation and biological applications, current challenges and future opportunities for FSECSs are discussed.