Ocular pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of besifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin following topical administration to pigmented rabbits

• Published in: Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics Vol. 26; no. 5; p. 449
• Main Authors: Proksch, Joel W, Ward, Keith W
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.10.2010
• Subjects: Administration, Topical; Animals; Aqueous Humor - drug effects; Area Under Curve; Aza Compounds - administration & dosage; Aza Compounds - blood; Aza Compounds - pharmacokinetics; Aza Compounds - pharmacology; Azepines - administration & dosage; Azepines - blood; Azepines - pharmacokinetics; Azepines - pharmacology; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial - drug therapy; Eye - drug effects; Fluoroquinolones - administration & dosage; Fluoroquinolones - blood; Fluoroquinolones - pharmacokinetics; Fluoroquinolones - pharmacology; Haemophilus Infections - drug therapy; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Quinolines - administration & dosage; Quinolines - blood; Quinolines - pharmacokinetics; Quinolines - pharmacology; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections - drug therapy; Streptococcal Infections - drug therapy
• ISSN: 1557-7732
• DOI: 10.1089/jop.2010.0054

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the ocular pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship for besifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin using rabbit ocular PK data, along with in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) values against methicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA-CR) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE-CR). Rabbits received a topical instillation of Besivance™ (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension, 0.6%), Vigamox (moxifloxacin hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, 0.5% as base), or Zymar (gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution, 0.3%), and ocular tissues and plasma were collected from 4 animals/treatment/collection time at 8 predetermined time intervals during the 24h after dosing. Ocular levels of each agent were measured by LC/MS/MS, and PK parameters (Cmax, Tmax, and AUC₀₋₂₄) were determined. AUC₀₋₂₄/MIC₉₀ ratios were calculated for tears, conjunctiva, cornea, and aqueous humor using previously reported MIC₉₀values for MRSA-CR and MRSE-CR. All of the fluoroquinolones tested demonstrated rapid penetration into ocular tissues after a single instillation. Besifloxacin demonstrated the highest exposure in tear fluid, while exposure in conjunctiva was comparable for all 3 compounds. Peak concentrations of all fluoroquinolones in aqueous humor were at or below ~1g/mL. In comparison with their MIC₉₀values against MRSE-CR and MRSA-CR, besifloxacin achieved an AUC₀₋₂₄/MIC₉₀ ratio of ~800 in tears, compared with values of ≤10 for moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin. In cornea, conjunctiva, and aqueous humor, the AUC₀₋₂₄/MIC₉₀ ratios were <10 for all compounds. However, in these tissues AUC₀₋₂₄/MIC₉₀ ratios for besifloxacin were 1.5- to 38-fold higher than moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin. In rabbits, besifloxacin demonstrates a nonclinical ocular PK profile characterized by high and sustained concentrations in tear fluid, resulting in AUC₀₋₂₄/MIC₉₀ ratios of ~800 for ciprofloxacin-resistant MRSE and MRSA after a single administration. Although besifloxacin had the highest AUC₀₋₂₄/MIC₉₀ratios for intraocular tissues, the ratios for all of the drugs were below the target values needed for effective bacterial killing of ciprofloxacin-resistant MRSE and MRSA. Taken together, these nonclinical data indicate that besifloxacin has a favorable ocular PK/PD profile, consistent with the reported clinical efficacy of besifloxacin in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and consistent with the profile needed for ocular surface sterilization.