The role of excitatory amino acids in hypothermic injury to mammalian spinal cord neurons

• Published in: Journal of neurotrauma Vol. 13; no. 12; p. 809
• Main Authors: Craenen, G, Jeftinija, S, Grants, I, Lucas, J H
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.12.1996
• Subjects: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate - pharmacology; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione - pharmacology; Animals; Aspartic Acid - metabolism; Cell Death - drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Cold Temperature; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acids - metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acids - physiology; Glutamic Acid - metabolism; Mice - embryology; Neurons - drug effects; Neurons - metabolism; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - antagonists & inhibitors; Reference Values; Spinal Cord - drug effects; Spinal Cord - metabolism; Spinal Cord - pathology; Spinal Cord Injuries - etiology; Spinal Cord Injuries - pathology
• ISSN: 0897-7151
• DOI: 10.1089/neu.1996.13.809

Hypothermia has been reported to be beneficial in CNS physical injury and ischemia. We previously reported that posttraumatic cooling to 17 degrees C for 2 h increased survival of mouse spinal cord (SC) neurons subjected to physical injury (dendrite transection) but that cooling below 17 degrees C caused a lethal NMDA receptor-linked stress to both lesioned and uninjured neurons. The present study tested whether cooling below 17 degrees C increases extracellular levels of excitatory amino acids (EAA). SC cultures were placed at 10 degrees C or 37 degrees C. Glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp) levels were higher in the medium of the cooled cultures after 0.5 h (23 +/- 4 nM/microgram vs. 4 +/- 1 nM/microgram and 4 +/- 1 nM/microgram vs. 1 +/- 0 nM/microgram, respectively). The concentration of each EAA then declined and reached a plateau at 2-4 h that was still significantly higher than control levels (p < 0.0001, two-factor ANOVA, three cultures per group). Other amino acids (glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine) showed an opposite pattern, with higher levels in the 37 degrees C group. Both NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists prevented the lethal cold injury. Survival of SC neurons cooled at 10 degrees C for 2 h and rewarmed for 22 h was 58% +/- 25% in the control group, 94% +/- 5% in the CNQX-treated group, 97% +/- 5% in the DAPV-treated group, and 99% +/- 2% in the group treated with both antagonists [p < 0.0006, one factor ANOVA, five cultures (> 120 neurons) per group]. These results show that death of neurons cooled to 10 degrees C is caused by elevated extracellular Glu and Asp and requires activation of both the NMDA and non-NMDA receptor subtypes.