The Impact of Placebo Response Rates on Clinical Trial Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Antidepressants in Children and Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder

• Published in: Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology Vol. 29; no. 9; pp. 712 - 720
• Main Authors: Li, Yanfei, Huang, Jihan, He, Yingchun, Yang, Juan, Lv, Yinghua, Liu, Hongxia, Liang, Liyu, Li, Huafang, Zheng, Qingshan, Li, Lujin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Mary Ann Liebert, Inc 01.11.2019
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adolescents; Antidepressants; Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic - therapeutic use; Bias; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Child; Children; Clinical outcomes; Clinical trials; Depressive Disorder, Major - drug therapy; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Mental depression; Mental disorders; Meta-analysis; Placebo effect; Placebos - therapeutic use; Quality; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Studies; Systematic review; Teenagers; United States > US; depressive disorder; placebo response rate; antidepressants; systematic reviews; adolescents; children
• ISSN: 1044-5463; 1557-8992
• DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0022

The high placebo response rate may hamper the discovery of antidepressants in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of the study was to clarify the relationship between the placebo response rate and clinical trial outcomes of the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents, and distinguish main factors responsible to placebo response rate. The PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were searched for double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials of the new-generation antidepressants for the acute treatment of MDD in children and adolescents. The response rate differences (RDs) between placebo group and treatment group under different level of placebo response rate were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. The classification thresholds for low, medium, and high placebo response rate were set at <40%, 40%-50%, and ≥50%, respectively. Predictors of placebo response rate were explored using meta-regression. The analysis included 18 trials with 4365 participants. This study found that the lower the placebo response rate, the greater the efficacy differences between antidepressants and placebo. In the high, moderate, and low placebo response rate subgroups, the response RDs (95% CI) between antidepressants and placebo were 8 (1-14)%, 10 (2-17)%, and 21 (9-32)%, respectively. The meta-regression showed that the number of study sites was the factor most associated with placebo response rate, and that response rate increased 3% with every additional 10 study sites. The clinical outcome was related to the placebo response rates in the clinical trials of antidepressants in children and adolescents with MDD. The efficacy differences between antidepressants and placebo will be maximized when placebo response rates are reduced. The number of study sites was the factor most associated with the placebo response rates.