Heterogenous Networks: From Small Cells to 5G NR-U

• Published in: Wireless personal communications Vol. 128; no. 4; pp. 2779 - 2810
• Main Authors: Sathya, Vanlin, Kala, Srikant Manas, Naidu, Kalpana
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01.02.2023; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: 5G mobile communication; Augmented reality; Cellular communication; Cellular radio; Communications Engineering; Computer Communication Networks; Engineering; High definition; Network latency; Networks; Operators; Quality of service architectures; Signal,Image and Speech Processing; Video transmission; Virtual reality; NR-U; Wi-Fi; Femtocells; LAA; Small cells
• ISSN: 0929-6212; 1572-834X
• DOI: 10.1007/s11277-022-10070-z

With the exponential increase in mobile users, mobile data demand has grown tremendously. To meet these demands, cellular operators are constantly innovating to enhance the capacity of cellular systems. Consequently, operators have been reusing the licensed spectrum “spatially,” by deploying 4G/Long-term Evolution (LTE) small cells ( e.g., Femto Cells) in the past. However, despite the use of small cells, the licensed spectrum will be unable to meet the consistently rising data traffic because of data-intensive applications such as augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR) and on-the-go high-definition video streaming. Applications such as AR/VR and online gaming not only place extreme data demands on the network but are also latency-critical. To meet the QoS guarantees, cellular operators have begun leveraging the unlicensed spectrum by coexisting with Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz band. The standardizing body Third Generation Partnership Project, has prescribed cellular standards for fair unlicensed coexistence with Wi-Fi, namely LTE Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), New Radio in unlicensed (NR-U), and NR in Millimeter. The rapid roll-out of LAA deployments in developed nations like the USA offers an opportunity to study and analyze the performance of unlicensed coexistence networks through real-world ground truth. Thus, this paper presents a high-level overview of past, present, and future of research in small cell and unlicensed coexistence communication technologies. It outlines the vision for future research work in the recently allocated unlicensed spectrum: The 6 GHz band, where the latest Wi-Fi standard, IEEE 802.11ax, will coexist with the latest cellular technology, 5G New Radio in unlicensed. At the end, we present a comparison of the performance between standards ranging from LTE to NR-U based on realistic assumptions.