BP Signal Analysis Using Emerging Techniques and its Validation Using ECG Signal

• Published in: Sensing and imaging Vol. 22; no. 1
• Main Authors: Gupta, Varun, Mittal, Monika, Mittal, Vikas, Saxena, Nitin Kumar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01.12.2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Anesthesia; Blood circulation; Blood pressure; Electrical Engineering; Electrocardiography; Engineering; Heart rate; Imaging; Mean square errors; Microwaves; Muscles; Myocardium; Original Paper; Radiology; RF and Optical Engineering; Root-mean-square errors; Signal analysis; Signal monitoring; Telemedicine; Time lag; Trajectory optimization; Z transforms; dZ/dt; Ordinary Z-transform; Electrocardiogram; Photoplethysmography; Blood pressure; Time delay; Modified-Z transform
• ISSN: 1557-2064; 1557-2072
• DOI: 10.1007/s11220-021-00349-z

Monitoring of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory (RSP), Photoplethysmography (PPG), and Electrocardiogram (ECG) are generally used for any particular surgery or operation. It becomes vital during anesthesia and other critical situation. A substantial research has been carried out to detect cardiovascular disease by analyzing the parameters such as ECG, BP, respiratory (RSP) cycle, Photoplethysmography (PPG) measurement, etc., which help in health monitoring of the patient. BP control is very significant in the lifespan of every individual. If it goes out of the boundary, then runs a risk of heart attack increases. The heart is responsible for purification and circulation of blood in the whole body by myocardium muscle. For analyzing the cardiac activity of the subject (patient), ECG and arterial blood pressure (ABP) signals are very important which are related to each other. Regular monitoring of the anaesthetic drug dosage during a surgical procedure is required to ward off the patient's inter-operative awareness but some time delay (TD) may happen and it is really serious for the patient life during anesthesia. Induced TD situation can’t be analyzed using ordinary Z-transform (OZT) due to fractional time delay (FrTD) condition which requires the emerging techniques to handle the FrTD condition effectively. Therefore, modified Z-Transform (MZT) is used instead of OZT. Further, chaos analysis is used to find the optimal trajectory of the ECG dataset which helps in segregating the noise, distortion, noncardiac components, etc. Mean square error (MSE) and Root mean square error (RMSE) have been used for examining RSP, dZ/dt (rate of change of cardiac impedance), ECG, BP and PPG.