Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and its applications in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors

• Published in: Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. A, Chemistry. Vol. 450; p. 115434
• Main Authors: Gijare, Medha S., Chaudhari, Sharmila R., Ekar, Satish, Shaikh, Shoyebmohamad F., Al-Enizi, Abdullah M., Pandit, Bidhan, Garje, Anil D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.05.2024
• Subjects: Cow urine; Glucose sensor; Graphene oxide; Green synthesis; Reduced graphene oxide; Green synthesis; Graphene oxide; Glucose sensor; Reduced graphene oxide; Cow urine
• ISSN: 1010-6030; 1873-2666
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.115434

[Display omitted] •A stable glucose sensor is fabricated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO).•An effective and green approach is considered to synthesize rGO using cow urine.•Removal of oxygen-containing groups in GO via reduction with cow urine is proved.•Sensitivity of 19.17 μAcm−2mM−1 at 2 mM glucose in human serum is exhibited.•It shows wide response range (0.2 to 10 mM) and low detection limit (1.9019 µM). The synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a challenging task for industrial applications due to the absence of a simple and cost-effective synthesis method. This study proposes an environmentally friendly approach to synthesizing rGO using cow urine as a reducing agent, which eliminates the use of hazardous chemicals. The efficacy of this method was confirmed through various analyses, including UV Vis, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray diffraction, which demonstrated the successful removal of oxygen-containing functions in GO via reduction with cow urine. The synthesized rGO-10 was utilized to fabricate electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensors, which exhibited a rapid response time and excellent amperometry response. The sensors used in this study demonstrated a sensitivity of 19.17 μAcm−2mM−1 when optimized for a glucose concentration of 2 mM in human serum. The sensors demonstrated a wide response range, covering a range of 0.2 to 10 mM, and a low detection limit of 1.9019 µM. Additionally, the sensors displayed desirable attributes about repeatability, reproducibility, and stability.