Words Matter A Semantic Differential Study of Recreation, Leisure, Play, Activity, and Sport

• Published in: Schole : a journal of leisure studies and recreation education Vol. 30; no. 1; pp. 25 - 38
• Main Authors: Schlag, Paul A., Yoder, Daniel G., Sheng, Zhaohui (Bridget)
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Ashburn Routledge 2015; Sagamore Publishing LLC; Taylor & Francis Ltd
• Subjects: Activities; Ambiguity (Context); Ambiguity (Semantics); Analysis; Athletics; Attitude Measures; College Students; Community Attitudes; Department Heads; Factor Analysis; Feminism; Instructional Leadership; Interpersonal Communication; Language Attitudes; Leisure; Leisure Education; Leisure Time; Majors (Students); marketing; meaning; Methods Research; Outdoor Education; Professional employees; Recreation; Recreational Activities; Recreational Programs; Semantic Differential; Semantics; Semiotics; Sports; Student Attitudes; Tax Effort; Teacher Attitudes; Terminology; Tourism; United States (Midwest); United States
• ISSN: 1937-156X; 2162-4097; 1041-7052
• DOI: 10.1080/1937156X.2015.11949724

Beyond the standard definitions found in the dictionary, words commonly used in the recreation field have subtle, yet powerful connotations of which senders and receivers of information may not be consciously aware. These words elicit different conscious and subconscious reactions that likely bear significant consequences for recreation agencies and university departments. This study measured the attitudes of three distinct populations (university students, citizens and recreation professionals) toward five words commonly used in the field: recreation, leisure, play, activity and sport. A semantic differential instrument was used to gather responses and interpret connotative meanings relating to the words. Further, a survey was administered to a random sample of citizens in a Midwestern state regarding applied questions (e.g., asking citizens if it were more appropriate to spend tax money to provide recreation services or to provide leisure services). A factor analysis yielded three factors: evaluative (good-bad), potency (powerful-powerless) and activity (fast-slow). Within and across subject group comparisons were subsequently performed on the three factors and significant differences amongst the three populations in the evaluative, potency and activity factors were found for each of the five words.