Broadband adoption in urban and suburban California: information-based outreach programs ineffective at closing the digital divide

• Published in: Journal of information, communication & ethics in society (Online) Vol. 18; no. 3; pp. 431 - 459
• Main Author: Levine, Lloyd
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bingley Emerald Publishing Limited 04.08.2020; Emerald Group Publishing Limited
• Subjects: American Recovery & Reinvestment Act 2009-US; Broadband; Data collection; Digital divide; Education; Government programs; Households; Income; Infrastructure; Internet access; Internet service providers; Low income groups; Outreach programs; Outreach services; Public policy; Research centers; Rural areas; State laws; Suburban areas; Urban areas; United States > US; California; Digital divide(s); Broadband; Broadband adoption; Meaningful internet access; Low-income broadband adoption; Internet as a utility
• ISSN: 1477-996X; 1758-8871
• DOI: 10.1108/JICES-04-2020-0041

Purpose The digital divide has persisted in California and the USA as a whole at approximately the same level for the past decade. This is despite multiple programs being created and billions of dollars being spent to close it. This paper examines why the efforts to date have been ineffective and to offers policy alternatives that might be more successful. Design/methodology/approach Using data from three, variable constrained projects in California, this paper examines the effectiveness of information-based outreach efforts at closing the digital divide. The projects tested various outreach and enrollment methods to see which, if any, could increase broadband adoption in low-income households. Findings This project found that providing low-income households’ information about low-cost broadband offerings was ineffective at closing the digital divide. The findings in this paper were similar to those of two other works that examined the federal Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP) grants under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Practical implications The findings of this paper along with the works cited that evaluated the BTOP program should be enough to change public policy. For the past ten years, efforts to close the digital divide have focused on providing information to low-income households. However, two independent surveys show broadband adoption has remained virtually flat during that period. Social implications The digital divide brings concomitant economic and education harms and challenges that plague those unable to access information, services, educational and employment opportunities with the same ease, speed and sufficiency as their connected peers and neighbors. Those harms exacerbate the already existing education and income divides. This paper shows that without a change in strategy, those harms will persist. Originality/value This paper breaks new ground and addresses one of the weaknesses identified in existing research. To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the first paper of its type to use programs designed to generate data that can be empirically evaluated for effectiveness. Prior studies attempted to assess program effectiveness by using data generated from fully implemented government programs. However, those programs contained a vast number of unidentified variables and insufficient data collection. They were not designed to facilitate academic evaluation, and as such made a true effectiveness evaluation challenging.