Alumina Nucleation, Growth Kinetics, and Morphology: A Review

• Published in: Steel research international Vol. 94; no. 9
• Main Authors: González-Solórzano, María Guadalupe, Morales, Rodolfo, Ávila, Jafeth Rodríguez, Muñiz-Valdés, Carlos Rodrigo, Bastida, Alfonso Nájera
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Weinheim Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.09.2023
• Subjects: Alumina; alumina nucleation; Aluminum; Aluminum oxide; Argon; clogging phenomena; Continuous casting; Crystal growth; Crystal morphology; Dissolved oxygen; growth; Inclusions; Kinetics; Liquid alloys; Morphology; Nucleation; steel deoxidation; supersaturation; Supersaturation; Surface tension
• ISSN: 1611-3683; 1869-344X
• DOI: 10.1002/srin.202200678

The reaction between aluminum and the dissolved oxygen in liquid steel yields the precipitation of alumina crystals with characteristic morphologies and size distributions. Alumina precipitation and growth involve a wide spectrum of time, length, velocity, and thermodynamic supersaturation scales throughout the refining processes. The smallest length and time scales are those quantifying the nucleation kinetics and the initial growth at the highest supersaturation. Further growth and crystal morphology depend on the concentration of surface tension elements which inhibit the crystal's faces suffering further modifications due to washing effects provided by turbulent flows. This step involves longer time, velocity, length, and moderate supersaturations. The final step involves the growth of alumina inclusions through collision–agglomeration–sintering, and capillary processes on the surfaces of argon bubbles under low supersaturations. Jumps of supersaturation, due to late aluminum additions or steel reoxidation, lead to alumina crystals changing their morphology to dendritic‐type growth. The present contribution reviews each one of these kinetic phenomena closing with the consequences that alumina precipitation has on the continuous casting process. The content of this review is useful to practitioners and theorists alike. The morphology of alumina inclusions originates from the steel deoxidation of liquid steel, being a very complex process, however, it's possible to understand it in a simple way through the scales involved, including velocity, time, length, and supersaturation scales, from tapping to continuous casting. Supersaturation is the key during the entire process since it always exists and never is zero.