Computing Almost Commuting Bases of ODOs and Gelfand-Dickey Hierarchies

• Published in: Mathematics in computer science Vol. 19; no. 1
• Main Authors: Jimenez-Pastor, Antonio, Rueda, Sonia L., Zurro, Maria-Angeles, Hernandez Heredero, Rafael, Delgado, Rafael
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.12.2025; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Algorithms; Commuting; Computer Science; Differential equations; Hierarchies; Mathematics; Mathematics and Statistics; Operators (mathematics); Polynomials; Vector spaces; 13N10; Differential polynomials; 12H05; 13P15; Almost commuting ODOs; Weighted ODOs; Gelfand-Dickey Hierarchies; Symbolic integration
• ISSN: 1661-8270; 1661-8289
• DOI: 10.1007/s11786-025-00601-9

Almost commuting operators were introduced in 1985 by George Wilson to present generalizations of the Korteweg–de Vries hierarchy, nowadays known as Gelfand-Dickey (GD) hierarchies. In this paper, we review the formal construction of the vector space of almost commuting operators with a given ordinary differential operator (ODO), with the ultimate goal of obtaining a basis by computational routines, using the language of differential polynomials. We use Wilson’s results on weighted ODOs to guarantee the solvability of the triangular system that allows us to compute the homogeneous almost commuting operator of a given order in the ring of ODOs. As a consequence, the computation of the equations of the GD hierarchies is achieved without using pseudo-differential operators. A new package in SageMath called dalgebra has been designed to perform symbolic calculations in differential domains. The algorithms to calculate the almost commuting basis and the GD hierarchies in the ring of ODOs are implemented in SageMath, and explicit examples are provided.