Image coding based on maximum entropy partitioning for identifying improbable intensities related to facial expressions

• Published in: Sadhana (Bangalore) Vol. 41; no. 12; pp. 1393 - 1406
• Main Authors: Susan, Seba, Aggarwal, Nandini, Chand, Shefali, Gupta, Ayush
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New Delhi Springer India 01.12.2016; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Emotions; Engineering; Entropy; Forehead; Image coding; Information theory; Maximum entropy; Partitioning; Widening; Variable length coding; entropy coding; Shannon–Fano coding; maximum entropy partitioning; Huffman coding; facial expression recognition; non-extensive entropy with Gaussian gain
• ISSN: 0256-2499; 0973-7677
• DOI: 10.1007/s12046-016-0559-7

In this paper we investigate information-theoretic image coding techniques that assign longer codes to improbable, imprecise and non-distinct intensities in the image. The variable length coding techniques when applied to cropped facial images of subjects with different facial expressions, highlight the set of low probability intensities that characterize the facial expression such as the creases in the forehead, the widening of the eyes and the opening and closing of the mouth. A new coding scheme based on maximum entropy partitioning is proposed in our work, particularly to identify the improbable intensities related to different emotions. The improbable intensities when used as a mask decode the facial expression correctly, providing an effective platform for future emotion categorization experiments.