Recurrent COVID-19-related psychotic disorder with neuro-immuno-endocrine dysfunction as a possible underlying mechanism: A case report from China

• Published in: Brain, behavior, & immunity. Health Vol. 39; p. 100803
• Main Authors: Yang, Chenghui, He, Ying, Yuan, Lu, Yuan, Cui, Chang, Fan, Feng, Wenqian, Zhou, Bo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.08.2024; Elsevier
• Subjects: Case Report; COVID-19; Cytokine; Encephalitis; Hippocampus; IL-6; Neuro-immuno-endocrine; Psychotic disorder; Recurrent; SARS-CoV-2; Treatment; COVID-19; Encephalitis; SARS-CoV-2; Treatment; Cytokine; Psychotic disorder; Neuro-immuno-endocrine; Recurrent; IL-6; Hippocampus
• ISSN: 2666-3546; 2666-3546
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100803

SARS-CoV-2, first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, has been gradually spreading worldwide since 2020. The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and psychotic disorders has received much attention, and several studies have described the direct/indirect mechanisms of its effects on the brain, but no mechanism has been found to explain recurrent episodes of COVID-19-related psychotic symptoms. We report the case of an 18-year-old female patient with no family or personal psychotic disorder history with multiple hospital admissions with symptoms such as disorganized speech and behavior, hyperactivity, restlessness, and impulsive aggression during the COVID-19 recovery period. Relevant tests revealed longitudinal changes such as persistent IL-6 and IL-10 elevation, abnormal discharges on EEG, and brain and hippocampal MRI abnormal signals. The patient was treated with antipsychotics, MECT, combination therapy of hormones and antivirals, then discharged after multiple treatment rounds. The case presented here outlines the possibility that the COVID-19 recovery period may be a critical period for acute psychotic episodes and that the patient's recurrent psychotic symptoms may be associated with neuro-immuno-endocrine dysfunction mediated by sustained cytokine synthesis, further causing structural and functional brain damage. Routine psychiatric evaluation and related screening should be performed at all stages of the illness to better identify, prevent, and effectively intervene in psychiatric disorders following COVID-19. Because many outcomes require long-term assessment, a clearer understanding of the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health is likely to emerge in the future. •A case of a female patient with no personal or familial history of psychosis who presented initially with a psychotic disorder dominated by schizophrenia-like and mania-like symptoms during the COVID-19 recovery period. Progressive cytokine elevation and EEG and MRI abnormalities were observed.•Recurrent episodes may be associated with neuro-immuno-endocrine dysfunction mediated by sustained cytokine synthesis, further causing structural and functional brain damage.•Apart from early hormonal and antiviral therapy, the rationale for the use of immunomodulatory agents in such patients would be worth exploring.