Self-organization of metallo-supramolecular polymer networks by free formation of pyridine-phenanthroline heteroleptic complexes

• Published in: Soft matter Vol. 19; no. 42; pp. 8112 - 8123
• Main Authors: Ahmadi, Mostafa, Sprenger, Cora, Pareras, Gerard, Poater, Albert, Seiffert, Sebastian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cambridge Royal Society of Chemistry 01.11.2023
• Subjects: Coexistence; Ferrous ions; Gels; Iron; Ligands; Metal ions; Metallography; Networks; Palladium; Polyethylene glycol; Polymers; Pyridines; Rheological properties; Stimuli; Supramolecular polymers; Topology
• ISSN: 1744-683X; 1744-6848
• DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01136d

Nature employs spontaneous self-organization of supramolecular bonds to create complex matter capable of adaptation and self-healing. Accordingly, the self-sorting of unlike ligands towards a cooperative heteroleptic complex or narcistic homoleptic association in a mixed ligand system is frequently employed to form interchangeable stimuli-responsive complex geometries with a wide range of applications. This notion is however just rarely employed in the organization of polymer networks. In this paper, we report the free-formation of heteroleptic complexes between tetra-am poly(ethylene glycol) (tetraPEG) precursors functionalized either with pyridine (tetraPy) or phenanthroline (tetraEPhen). Among a wide range of studied metal ions, tetraPy could form a network only in combination with Pd 2+ , presumably with a square-planar geometry, highlighting the importance of complex strength and stability in forming gels with monodentate ligands. Also, mixed networks with tetraEPhen form only in combination with Pd 2+ and Fe 2+ , with strengths surpassing those of individual components and stabilities incomparable to those of parent networks, indicative of heteroleptic complexation. Extensive rheological, UV-vis, and DFT simulation studies revealed the coexistence of different coordination geometries, with an octahedral arrangement prevailing in the presence of Fe 2+ and a square-planar geometry in the presence of Pd 2+ . Therefore, this study offers new opportunities for the development of stimuli-responsive topology-switching polymer networks. Polymer networks made by combination of tetraPEG chains functionalized either with pyridine or phenanthroline can organize in various network structures depending on the coordination geometry preference of the utilized metal ion.