Online search strategies utilized in feigning attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) while performing a continuous performance test (CPT)

• Published in: Applied neuropsychology. Adult Vol. 31; no. 6; pp. 1365 - 1374
• Main Authors: Winter, Daniella, Braw, Yoram
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Routledge 01.11.2024
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - diagnosis; Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); coaching; continuous performance test (CPT); Female; Humans; Internet; Male; malingering; Malingering - diagnosis; MOXO-d-CPT; Neuropsychological Tests - standards; Psychomotor Performance - physiology; web-coaching; Young Adult; malingering; continuous performance test (CPT); coaching; MOXO-d-CPT; Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); web-coaching
• ISSN: 2327-9095; 2327-9109; 2327-9109
• DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2128356

The availability of information regarding neuropsychological tests threatens their confidentiality. This concern may be particularly relevant to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) considering its widespread online coverage. The present study explored simulators' online search strategies. Simulators (n = 39) searched for information before undergoing an evaluation which included performing a continuous performance test (CPT). Their search strategies were analyzed, and their performance was compared to that of ADHD patients (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 38). Most simulators reached high-risk websites that provided written and video-based information regarding the test. Sixty percent, comprised mostly of 3rd-year students, reached Google Scholar. These students were also easier to detect as simulators. Common strategies included performing the CPT in accordance with typical ADHD symptoms and avoiding the endorsement of both unusual and stereotypical symptoms. Simulators can access online information that contains key test data. Higher education may increase the ability to reach academic research while decreasing the ability to convincingly feign impairment. While additional research is needed to examine coaching effects on neuropsychological testing, the risk to test security that many websites pose should be acknowledged and steps, including ones taken by test publishers, should be undertaken to minimize it.