Fruit Ripeness Prediction Based on DNN Feature Induction from Sparse Dataset

• Published in: Computers, materials & continua Vol. 69; no. 3; pp. 4003 - 4024
• Main Authors: Hyun Cho, Wan, Kyoon Kim, Sang, Hwan Na, Myung, Seop Na, In
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Henderson Tech Science Press 2021
• Subjects: Algorithms; Artificial neural networks; Classification; Color; Datasets; Deep learning; Feature extraction; Fruits; Image acquisition; Image classification; Image processing; Machine learning; Multilayer perceptrons; Ripening; Strawberries; Support vector machines; Tomatoes; Training
• ISSN: 1546-2226; 1546-2218; 1546-2226
• DOI: 10.32604/cmc.2021.018758

Fruit processing devices, that automatically detect the freshness and ripening stages of fruits are very important in precision agriculture. Recently, based on deep learning, many attempts have been made in computer image processing, to monitor the ripening stage of fruits. However, it is time-consuming to acquire images of the various ripening stages to be used for training, and it is difficult to measure the ripening stages of fruits accurately with a small number of images. In this paper, we propose a prediction system that can automatically determine the ripening stage of fruit by a combination of deep neural networks (DNNs) and machine learning (ML) that focus on optimizing them in combination on several image datasets. First, we used eight DNN algorithms to extract the color feature vectors most suitable for classifying them from the observed images representing each ripening stage. Second, we applied seven ML methods to determine the ripening stage of fruits based on the extracted color features. Third, we propose an automatic prediction system that can accurately determine the ripeness in images of various fruits such as strawberries and tomatoes by a combination of the DNN and ML methods. Additionally, we used the transfer learning method to train the proposed system on few image datasets to increase the training speed. Fourth, we experimented to find out which of the various combinations of DNN and ML methods demonstrated excellent classification performance. From the experimental results, a combination of DNNs and multilayer perceptron, or a combination of DNNs and support vector machine or kernel support vector machine generally exhibited excellent classification performance. Conversely, the combination of various DNNs and statistical classification models shows that the overall classification rate is low. Second, in the case of using tomato images, it was found that the classification rate for the combination of various DNNs and ML methods was generally similar to the results obtained for strawberry images.