Gamma radiation assisted green synthesis of spirulina-reduced graphene oxide and its anti-inflammatory effect against renal injury induced by gamma irradiation via IRE1α -TRAF2 pathway

• Published in: Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects Vol. 1869; no. 10; p. 130840
• Main Authors: Atta, M.M., Mohamed, Marwa A., Mazhar, Aliaa, Abdou, Fatma Y., Taha, E.O., Habieb, Mahmoud E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.09.2025
• Subjects: Acute Kidney Injury - metabolism; Animals; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology; Endoribonucleases - metabolism; Gamma Rays - adverse effects; Gamma-rays; Graphite - chemistry; Graphite - pharmacology; Green Chemistry Technology - methods; Kidney - drug effects; Kidney - metabolism; Kidney - pathology; Kidney - radiation effects; Male; Mice; Oxidative stress; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases - metabolism; Reduced graphene oxide; Signal Transduction - drug effects; spirulina; Spirulina - chemistry; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2 - metabolism; Oxidative stress; Reduced graphene oxide; spirulina; Anti-inflammatory; Gamma-rays
• ISSN: 0304-4165; 1872-8006; 1872-8006
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2025.130840

Combining gamma rays with natural antioxidants leads to the formation of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) biocomposites from graphene oxide (GO) in a way that is both incredibly safe and environmentally friendly, unlocking new possibilities for medical use. In the present study, spirulina-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (SRGOs) were fabricated by gamma rays as a one-step and straightforward technique.The loading and reduction of graphene oxide in the presence of different spirulina ratios (25, 50, 100, and 200 wt%) under gamma irradiation were verified by diverse characterization apparatuses, including XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, and XPS. Moreover, in vivo studies are conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of the selected SRGO nanocomposite in preventing kidney injury caused by gamma irradiation. SRGO amended the renal levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, Inositol requirement enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), the protein expression of NF-κB p65, and the levels of GSH, MDA, serum urea, and creatinine. In the context of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, the histopathological study results of kidney tissue concurred with those of the molecular biochemical examinations. The findings endorsed SRGO biocomposite as a promising antioxidant, radioprotector, and anti-inflammatory agent in mitigating kidney damage caused by γ-radiation via significant inhibition of the IRE1α-TRAF2 signaling pathway. [Display omitted] •Reduced graphene oxide –spirulina nanocomposites (SRGOs) were fabricated by γ-ray.•Different techniques used to verify the reduced graphene oxide –spirulina formation.•Anti-inflammatory effect SRGO against renal injury caused by γ-ray was revealed.•The SRGO may protect the kidneys from gamma radiation.