Pixel politics and satellite interpretation in the Syrian war

• Published in: Media, culture & society Vol. 45; no. 1; pp. 19 - 35
• Main Author: Greenland, Fiona A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London, England SAGE Publications 01.01.2023; Sage Publications Ltd
• Subjects: Digital media; Exegesis & hermeneutics; Interdisciplinary aspects; Mass media; Media studies; Policy making; Politics; Sociology of culture; Technicians; Technology; Violence; digital hermeneutics; pixels; visual sociology; Syria; satellite images
• ISSN: 0163-4437; 1460-3675
• DOI: 10.1177/01634437221077169

The pixel is a fundamental element of contemporary visual culture, with pictorial and perceptual properties that affect the interpretation of the digital composition as a whole. Despite its importance, however, the pixel remains a neglected object of analysis in cultural sociology and critical media studies. To advance a framework of pixel studies I present a hermeneutical approach. Empirically, I focus on the pixel’s political and socio-technical dimensions through satellite images of violence in the Syrian conflict zone (2011–2017). Through interviews and observations, I study the satellite programmers, technicians, archeologists, and anthropologists who comprised an interdisciplinary effort to interpret satellite pictures of archeological damage and other forms of cultural violence during the war. Their interpretations, some of which were the basis for consequential decisions by US policymakers, involved isolating as few as two pixels on the screen. To explain what this entailed, I draw on theories from Alberto Romele and Don Ihde to situate the pixel within a hermeneutic circle through which satellite images were ‘read’ at different levels. My findings have implications for broader sociological and media studies critiques of the epistemic status of digital media in light of their deep interrelations of politics, technology, and people.