Development of a subject-specific finite element analysis workflow to assess local biomechanics during segmental bone defect healing

• Published in: Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials Vol. 169; p. 107065
• Main Authors: Muhib, Farhan, Williams, Kylie E., LaBelle, Steven A., Lin, Angela S.P., Guldberg, Robert E., Weiss, Jeffrey A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2025
• Subjects: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone defect healing; Femoral Fractures - diagnostic imaging; Femoral Fractures - physiopathology; Femur - diagnostic imaging; Finite Element Analysis; Fracture Healing; Image mapping; Male; Mechanical Phenomena; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rehabilitation; Stress, Mechanical; Subject-specific modeling; Workflow; X-Ray Microtomography; Bone defect healing; Finite element analysis; Rehabilitation; Subject-specific modeling; Image mapping
• ISSN: 1751-6161; 1878-0180; 1878-0180
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107065

Longitudinal estimation of local strain distributions within the regenerative niche of segmental femoral fractures is important for understanding mechanobiology principles for bone healing to design more effective rehabilitation regimens and mitigate nonunion complications. Finite element (FE) modeling is the standard for investigating these biomechanical parameters, yet most existing models lack clinical relevance due to their use of generic data and computational inefficiency. This study developed a subject-specific FE workflow aimed at accurate biomechanical predictions based on subject-specific data while addressing the limitations of previous approaches. For the experimental study, near-critical-sized segmental bone defects were created in the femurs of Wistar rats and stabilized with internal fixators before rehabilitation. Subject-specific geometries of the defect were generated from in vivo micro-CT scans, which were also used to assign material coefficients. Generalized geometries of the cortical and trabecular bone and fixator were integrated to increase computational efficiency. In addition, axial strain data from strain gauges on the fixators were used to define subject-specific boundary conditions, enabling a longitudinal study of the healing process. Sensitivity analyses revealed that incorporating subject-specific boundary conditions significantly enhanced model accuracy, a factor often overlooked in conventional approaches. The workflow was used to build six defect models to approximate compressive strains within the defect and the joint contact force. Strain distributions correlated with experimentally observed mineralization and better predicted functional bone bridging (union) compared to bone volume metrics. This efficient workflow facilitates the assessment of local biomechanics during bone healing and highlights their influence on adaptive regeneration. Further, the findings support the potential application of the subject-specific modeling workflow to guide clinical decision-making and improve therapeutic outcomes for treating bone fractures. [Display omitted] •The workflow is efficient and scalable for use with a large number of subjects.•Fixation plate strain approximated subject-specific boundary conditions accurately.•Subject-specific inputs enabled bone healing assessment through a longitudinal study.•Early strain at the regenerative niche correlated with the endpoint bone volume.•Strain change over time better predicted functional bridging than bone volume change.