Modifying outcome expectancies and behavioral reinforcers to induce quit attempts among young adult smokers

• Published in: Addictive behaviors Vol. 137; p. 107542
• Main Authors: Kaufmann, Amanda, Haaga, David A.F.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.02.2023
• Subjects: Behavioral activation; Cigarette smoking; Humans; Motivation; Outcome expectancies; Quit attempts; Smokers; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Smoking Prevention; Young Adult; Smoking cessation; Cigarette smoking; Outcome expectancies; Quit attempts; Behavioral activation
• ISSN: 0306-4603; 1873-6327
• DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107542

•Young adult (18–35) smokers (N = 159) were randomized to one of three conditions.•The combined cognitive-behavioral group (52%) was most likely to make a quit attempt.•Expectancy challenge alone (43%) did not significantly differ from control (25%).•There were no significant group differences in impact on motivation to quit. Research has shown that outcome expectancies predict smoking behavior, and expectancy challenge interventions can reduce smoking. This study tested the hypothesis that supplementing expectancy challenge with a behavioral activation intervention promoting increased exposure to alternative reinforcers would help increase motivation to quit and induce actual quit attempts within the following month among young adult smokers. Smokers, aged 18–35 (N = 159, of whom 93 provided one-month follow-up data) and not required to be interested in quitting at the point of enrollment, were randomized to (a) the combined cognitive-behavioral intervention, (b) a cognitive-only expectancy challenge, or (c) a neutral reading (control) task. There were no significant between-group effects on motivation, but the conditions differed significantly in likelihood of leading to a quit attempt. Post hoc comparisons showed the combined condition participants (52 % of completers) to be significantly more likely than control group participants (25 %) to make a quit attempt, with the cognitive-only group (43 %) intermediate and not significantly different from the other conditions. These data provide preliminary evidence of utility for the brief cognitive-behavioral intervention in promoting smoking cessation attempts; more research is needed to test various possible explanations of how and for whom the intervention is effective, as well as whether it would significantly exceed expectancy challenge alone in larger samples.