Autoimmune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

• Published in: Autoimmunity reviews Vol. 23; no. 3; p. 103508
• Main Authors: Hromić-Jahjefendić, Altijana, Lundstrom, Kenneth, Adilović, Muhamed, Aljabali, Alaa A.A., Tambuwala, Murtaza M., Serrano-Aroca, Ángel, Uversky, Vladimir N.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.03.2024
• Subjects: Autoimmune disorders (AID); Autoimmune response; COVID-19 vaccines; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 vaccines; SARS-CoV-2; Autoimmune disorders (AID); Autoimmune response
• ISSN: 1568-9972; 1568-9972; 1873-0183
• DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103508

The complicated relationships between autoimmunity, COVID-19, and COVID-19 vaccinations are described, giving insight into their intricacies. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-Ro/SSA, rheumatoid factor, lupus anticoagulant, and antibodies against interferon (IFN)-I have all been consistently found in COVID-19 patients, indicating a high prevalence of autoimmune reactions following viral exposure. Furthermore, the discovery of human proteins with structural similarities to SARS-CoV-2 peptides as possible autoantigens highlights the complex interplay between the virus and the immune system in initiating autoimmunity. An updated summary of the current status of COVID-19 vaccines is presented. We present probable pathways underpinning the genesis of COVID-19 autoimmunity, such as bystander activation caused by hyperinflammatory conditions, viral persistence, and the creation of neutrophil extracellular traps. These pathways provide important insights into the development of autoimmune-related symptoms ranging from organ-specific to systemic autoimmune and inflammatory illnesses, demonstrating the wide influence of COVID-19 on the immune system.