Effect of Virtual Reality–Based Therapies on Lower Limb Functional Recovery in Stroke Survivors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

• Published in: Journal of medical Internet research Vol. 27; p. e72364
• Main Authors: Lu, Wenxin, Shi, Minglei, Liu, Lu, Wang, Shu, Deng, Wuquan, Ma, Yu, Wang, Yanzhong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Canada JMIR Publications 30.07.2025
• Subjects: Digital Health Reviews; Emerging Technologies for Rehabilitation; Evaluation of XR and Spatial Computing; Extended Reality, Virtual Reality and Virtual Worlds; Gait; Humans; Lower Extremity - physiopathology; mHealth for Rehabilitation; Postural Balance; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Recovery of Function; Review; Stroke; Stroke - physiopathology; Stroke - therapy; Stroke Rehabilitation - methods; Survivors; Technology in Physiotherapy; Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy; stroke rehabilitation; meta-analysis; virtual reality; functional recovery; lower extremity
• ISSN: 1438-8871; 1439-4456; 1438-8871
• DOI: 10.2196/72364

Virtual reality (VR) therapy has gained attention as a promising intervention in stroke rehabilitation, particularly for its potential to enhance motor function and promote neuroplasticity. However, its specific effects on balance, mobility, and gait remain underexplored. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of VR therapy on the recovery of lower limb function in stroke survivors. Randomized controlled trials comparing VR therapy with conventional therapy were eligible for inclusion. All studies were identified through databases, such as MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PsycINFO (up to July 2024). The primary outcomes included balance, assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and mobility, measured with the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) and 10-Meter Walk Test (10-MWT). Secondary outcomes included gait parameters (stride length and step length), the Functional Reach Test (FRT), the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), and the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). RevMan version 5.4 (The Cochrane Collaboration) software was used for the meta-analysis. A total of 2145 studies were screened, and 24 randomized controlled trials that met the inclusion criteria were included, involving 768 participants. Meta-analysis results showed that VR therapy, compared to conventional therapy, significantly improved BBS (mean difference [MD] 3.29, 95% CI 0.52-6.06; P=.02), TUG (MD -1.67, 95% CI -2.89 to -0.46; P=.007), and step length (MD 3.59, 95% CI 0.50-6.69; P=.02). However, no significant difference was observed between the 2 groups in 10-MWT (MD -0.91, 95% CI -3.33 to 1.50; P=.46), stride length (MD 5.63, 95% CI -0.73 to 11.99; P=.08), FRT (MD 2.68, 95% CI -0.30 to 5.67; P=.08), DGI (MD 1.08, 95% CI -0.41 to 2.58; P=.16), and FES-I (MD 0.16, 95% CI -2.92 to 3.24; P=.92). In the subgroup analyses, significant improvements in balance and mobility were observed in patients receiving greater than or equal to 20 sessions, with BBS improved by 5.14 points (95% CI 0.43-9.85; P=.03) and TUG reduced by 1.98 seconds (95% CI -3.33 to -0.63; P=.004). In addition, patients who received VR therapy more than 6 months after stroke showed greater improvements in BBS (MD 1.64, 95% CI 0.14-3.14; P=.03), compared to those who received VR therapy between 7 days and 6 months after stroke. Long-term VR-based therapies are more effective in improving functional ability after stroke. VR therapy has demonstrated significant potential for enhancing lower limb recovery, especially when applied with frequencies of ≥20 sessions.