Continuous energy consumption measure approach using a DMA double-buffering technique

• Published in: EURASIP journal on wireless communications and networking Vol. 2021; no. 1; pp. 1 - 26
• Main Authors: Vaquerizo-Hdez, Daniel, Muñoz, Pablo, Barrero, David F., R-Moreno, Maria D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 28.08.2021; Springer Nature B.V; SpringerOpen
• Subjects: Algorithms; Analog to digital conversion; Analog to digital converters; Buffers; Communications Engineering; DAQ; Data processing; DMA; Double-buffering; Electronic devices; Energy consumption; Energy measurement; Engineering; Error analysis; Information Systems Applications (incl.Internet); Microcontrollers; Networks; Signal,Image and Speech Processing; Wireless sensor networks; WSN; ZigBee; ZigBee; Double-buffering; DMA; WSN; DAQ; Energy measurement
• ISSN: 1687-1499; 1687-1472; 1687-1499
• DOI: 10.1186/s13638-021-02043-w

Measuring the consumption of electronic devices is a difficult and sensitive task. Data acquisition (DAQ) systems are often used to determine such consumption. In theory, measuring energy consumption is straight forward, just by acquiring current and voltage signals we can determine the consumption. However, a number of issues arise when a fine analysis is required. The main problem is that sampling frequencies have to be high enough to detect variations in the assessed signals over time. In that regard, some popular DAQ systems are based on RISC ARM processors for microcontrollers combined with analog-to-digital converters to meet high-frequency acquisition requirements. The efficient use of direct memory access (DMA) modules combined with pipelined processing in a microcontroller allows to improve the sample rate overcoming the processing time and the internal communication protocol limitations. This paper presents a novel approach for high-frequency energy measurement composed of a DMA rate improvement (data acquisition logic), a data processing logic and a low-cost hardware. The contribution of the paper is the combination of a double-buffered signal acquisition mechanism and an algorithm that computes the device’s energy consumption using parallel data processing. The combination of these elements enables a high-frequency (continuous) energy consumption measurement of an electronic device, improving the accuracy and reducing the cost of existing systems. We have validated our approach by measuring the energy consumed by elemental circuits and wireless sensors networks (WSNs) motes. The results indicate that the energy measurement error is less than 5% and that the proposed method is suitable to measure WSN motes even during sleep cycles, enabling a better characterization of their consumption profile.