Viral Factors in Modulation of Host Immune Response: A Route to Novel Antiviral Agents and New Therapeutic Approaches

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 25; no. 17; p. 9408
• Main Authors: Tarasova, Olga, Petrou, Anthi, Ivanov, Sergey M, Geronikaki, Athina, Poroikov, Vladimir
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 29.08.2024
• Subjects: Animals; Antibodies; Antigens; Antiviral Agents - pharmacology; Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use; Cytokines; Dendritic cells; Hepatitis B; Herpes viruses; herpesviruses; HIV; HIV Infections - drug therapy; HIV Infections - immunology; HIV Infections - virology; Host-Pathogen Interactions - drug effects; Host-Pathogen Interactions - immunology; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Immune system; Immunity (Disease); Immunity, Innate - drug effects; Infections; Interferon; Kinases; Lymphocytes; Medical research; Phosphorylation; Proteins; SARS-CoV-2; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Signal transduction; T cell receptors; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; Viral infections; Virus Diseases - drug therapy; Virus Diseases - immunology; Virus Diseases - virology; Viruses - drug effects; Viruses - immunology; virus–host interactions; SARS-CoV-2; viral infections; HIV; antiviral agents; hepatitis B; herpesviruses; virus–host interactions
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179408

Viruses utilize host cells at all stages of their life cycle, from the transcription of genes and translation of viral proteins to the release of viral copies. The human immune system counteracts viruses through a variety of complex mechanisms, including both innate and adaptive components. Viruses have an ability to evade different components of the immune system and affect them, leading to disruption. This review covers contemporary knowledge about the virus-induced complex interplay of molecular interactions, including regulation of transcription and translation in host cells resulting in the modulation of immune system functions. Thorough investigation of molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are involved in modulating of host immune response to viral infections can help to develop novel approaches for antiviral therapy. In this review, we consider new therapeutic approaches for antiviral treatment. Modern therapeutic strategies for the treatment and cure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are considered in detail because HIV is a unique example of a virus that leads to host T lymphocyte deregulation and significant modulation of the host immune response. Furthermore, peculiarities of some promising novel agents for the treatment of various viral infections are described.