Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and chronic periodontitis

• Published in: Expert review of clinical immunology Vol. 14; no. 4; p. 315
• Main Authors: Pólvora, Tábata Larissa S, Nobre, Átila Vinícius V, Tirapelli, Camila, Taba, Jr, Mário, Macedo, Leandro Dorigan de, Santana, Rodrigo Carvalho, Pozzetto, Bruno, Lourenço, Alan Grupioni, Motta, Ana Carolina F
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England 03.04.2018
• Subjects: Anti-Retroviral Agents - adverse effects; Anti-Retroviral Agents - therapeutic use; Biomarkers; Chronic Periodontitis - drug therapy; Chronic Periodontitis - etiology; Chronic Periodontitis - microbiology; Chronic Periodontitis - mortality; HIV Infections - complications; HIV Infections - drug therapy; HIV Infections - microbiology; HIV Infections - mortality; HIV-1 - physiology; Humans; Inflammation - drug therapy; Inflammation - microbiology; Inflammation - mortality; Inflammation - virology; Mouth - microbiology; Virus Replication - drug effects; saliva; mucosal reservoir; periodontal diseases; HIV-1 infection; oral microbiota
• ISSN: 1744-8409
• DOI: 10.1080/1744666X.2018.1459571

Current studies show that, even in the era of antiretroviral therapies, HIV-1 infection is associated with more severe and frequent refractory chronic periodontitis. Areas covered: This review, based on a systematic analysis of the literature, intends to provide an update on factors that may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease in HIV-1-infected patients, including local immunosuppression, oral microbial factors, systemic inflammation, salivary markers, and the role of gingival tissue as a possible reservoir of HIV-1. Expert commentary: The therapeutic revolution of ART made HIV-1 infection a chronic controllable disease, reduced HIV-1 mortality rate, restored at least partially the immune response and dramatically increased life expectancy of HIV-1-infected patients. Despite all these positive aspects, chronic periodontitis assumes an important role in the HIV-1 infection status for activating systemic inflammation favoring viral replication and influencing HIV-1 status, and also acting as a possible reservoir of HIV-1. All these issues still need to be clarified and validated, but have important clinical implications that certainly will benefit the diagnosis and management of chronic periodontitis in HIV-1-infected patients, and also contributes to HIV-1 eradication.