Ethnic group institutions and electoral clientelism

• Published in: Party politics Vol. 25; no. 3; pp. 435 - 447
• Main Author: Kramon, Eric
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London, England SAGE Publications 01.05.2019; Sage Publications Ltd
• Subjects: Centralization; Clientelism; Decentralization; Elections; Ethnic groups; Ethnicity; Individual differences; Infrastructure; Leadership; Leverage; Minority & ethnic groups; Organizational structure; Patronage; Politicians; Religious cultural groups; Religious leaders; Social structure; Voters; ethnic politics; traditional leaders; vote buying; elections; clientelism
• ISSN: 1354-0688; 1460-3683
• DOI: 10.1177/1354068817728212

Individual electoral clientelism involves the allocation of handouts to voters around elections. Why is this strategy common in some contexts but not in others? This article demonstrates that ethnic group institutional structure helps to explain this variation. Where ethnic groups are organized hierarchically and have centralized leadership, politicians leverage this infrastructure to mobilize voters wholesale. Where they are not, politicians forge linkages directly with voters, resulting in more electoral clientelism. I provide evidence from a set of African countries, where there is variation in the social structure of ethnic and religious groups. I show that electoral clientelism is more widespread in countries where ethnic groups have a decentralized organization. An individual-level analysis of electoral clientelism in 15 African countries further shows that members of decentralized groups are most likely to receive electoral handouts. The findings contribute to the comparative literature on clientelism and highlight how the organizational structure of intermediaries can shape strategies of clientelism.