Mechanical response of monolayer graphene via a multi-probe approach

• Published in: International journal of mechanical sciences Vol. 273; p. 109208
• Main Authors: Varillas, Javier, Lukeš, Jaroslav, Manikas, Anastasios, Maňák, Jan, Dluhoš, Jiří, Melníková, Zuzana, Kalbáč, Martin, Galiotis, Costas, Frank, Otakar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.07.2024
• Subjects: Defects; Elastic properties; Graphene; Molecular dynamics; Push-to-pull; Raman spectroscopy; Scanning electron microscopy; Push-to-pull; Scanning electron microscopy; Graphene; Molecular dynamics; Elastic properties; Raman spectroscopy; Defects
• ISSN: 0020-7403; 1879-2162
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2024.109208

Push-to-pull (PTP) testing is employed to probe the uniaxial tensile response of freestanding monolayer graphene. Various analytical approaches are employed to estimate the elastic modulus of end-clamped graphene samples, combining in-situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) measurements. The utilization of spatially resolved Raman-derived strains for assessing the elastic properties of monolayer graphene leads to results consistent with previous experimental and theoretical values of the elastic modulus (approximately 1 TPa). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of (pristine and defective) freestanding graphene sheets uniaxially loaded under varying clamping conditions are performed to support the experimental observations. The computational results indicate that the mechanical responses of the sheets are affected by the type, the spatial profile, and the heterogeneity of the clamping. When uniaxial pulling of end-clamped graphene is applied by a substrate adhering to the graphene sheet through van der Waals forces (as in PTP testing), the elastic modulus may be highly underestimated due to often inhomogeneous stress distribution and slippage processes. The MD simulations predict that the elastic modulus of pristine monolayer graphene is approximately 1 TPa, whereas its fracture strength can reach values of up to 110 GPa. Overall, this study underscores the limitations of traditional analyses of PTP experiments (utilizing indentation readouts and SEM imaging) and proposes new potential avenues (involving Raman measurements) for future research on the elastic properties of 2D materials. [Display omitted] •Push-to-pull uniaxial straining is coupled with SEM and Raman spectroscopy.•In-situ Raman spectroscopy quantifies the deformation states of 2D materials.•Measurement of ultra-high elastic modulus (1 TPa) of monolayer graphene.•MD simulations reveal the influence of defects and clamping.