CD8 + T cell exhaustion and its regulatory mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment: key to the success of immunotherapy

• Published in: Frontiers in immunology Vol. 15; p. 1476904
• Main Authors: Zhang, Biao, Liu, Jinming, Mo, Yuying, Zhang, Kexin, Huang, Bingqian, Shang, Dong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 20.09.2024
• Subjects: adoptive T cell treatment; Animals; CD8 + T cell; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology; Humans; immune checkpoint blockade; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - pharmacology; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Immunology; Immunotherapy - methods; Neoplasms - immunology; Neoplasms - therapy; Signal Transduction; T cell exhaustion; tumor microenvironment; Tumor Microenvironment - immunology; T cell exhaustion; CD8 + T cell; adoptive T cell treatment; tumor microenvironment; immune checkpoint blockade
• ISSN: 1664-3224; 1664-3224
• DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1476904

A steady dysfunctional state caused by chronic antigen stimulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is known as CD8 T cell exhaustion. Exhausted-like CD8 T cells (CD8 Tex) displayed decreased effector and proliferative capabilities, elevated co-inhibitory receptor generation, decreased cytotoxicity, and changes in metabolism and transcription. TME induces T cell exhaustion through long-term antigen stimulation, upregulation of immune checkpoints, recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, and secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines. CD8 Tex may be both the reflection of cancer progression and the reason for poor cancer control. The successful outcome of the current cancer immunotherapies, which include immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell treatment, depends on CD8 Tex. In this review, we are interested in the intercellular signaling network of immune cells interacting with CD8 Tex. These findings provide a unique and detailed perspective, which is helpful in changing this completely unpopular state of hypofunction and intensifying the effect of immunotherapy.