Eye Gnat (Liohippelates, Diptera: Chloropidae) Biology, Ecology, and Management: Past, Present, and future

Abstract Eye gnats (mainly Liohippelates pusio and Liohippelates collusor) are pest species that have been the subject of considerable research and extension activity in the United States since the 1930s. They cause considerable discomfort and stress—and may transmit pathogens—to humans and animals....

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Published inJournal of integrated pest management Vol. 13; no. 1
Main Authors Klepzig, Kier D, Hartshorn, Jessica A, Tsalickis, Alexandra, Sheehan, Thomas N
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published US Oxford University Press 01.01.2022
Subjects
fall line
agricultural pest
vector
disease transmission
Chloropidae
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Summary:Abstract Eye gnats (mainly Liohippelates pusio and Liohippelates collusor) are pest species that have been the subject of considerable research and extension activity in the United States since the 1930s. They cause considerable discomfort and stress—and may transmit pathogens—to humans and animals. We reviewed the abundant literature on biological, ecological, and management aspects of Liohippelates eye gnats. Eye gnat biology and life cycles have been well studied in agricultural systems. However, their ecology, roles in trophic cascades, and functions in natural ecosystems, particularly forests, are not well documented. Additionally, there remain opportunities to improve traps, repellents, deterrents, and controls for eye gnats. The substantial and substantive early work on these insects provides a strong foundation for future investigations and extension.
ISSN:2155-7470
2155-7470
DOI:10.1093/jipm/pmac015