The three branches of the unfolded protein response exhibit differential significance in breast cancer growth and stemness

• Published in: Experimental cell research Vol. 367; no. 2; pp. 170 - 185
• Main Authors: Li, Chuang, Fan, Qianqian, Quan, Hongyang, Nie, Meng, Luo, Yunping, Wang, Lin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 15.06.2018
• Subjects: 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; Breast cancer; C/EBPδ; Cancer stem cell; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; INOSITOL; MAMMARY GLANDS; NEOPLASMS; SOX2; STEM CELLS; Unfolded protein response; XBP1; C/EBPδ; BIP; Cancer stem cell; Breast cancer; PERK; ER; Unfolded protein response; OCT4; SOX2; CSC; ATF6α; UPR; IRE1α; ATF4
• ISSN: 0014-4827; 1090-2422
• DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.033

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is widely activated in cancers. The mammalian UPR encompasses three signaling branches, namely inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α), protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α). The functional significance of each branch in tumorigenesis is incompletely understood, especially in cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here, we report that inhibition and silencing of the three UPR sensors has differential effects on breast cancer growth and the CSC population. The levels of PERK and ATF6α strongly correlate with the expression of sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 2 (SOX2), a pluripotency regulator, in human breast cancer tissues. UPR activation is also elevated in the CSC-enriched mammospheres. Inhibition of the UPR sensors or excess ER stress markedly reduces the formation and maintenance of mammospheres, suggesting that an appropriate level of UPR activation is critical for the CSC survival. Mechanistically, transcription factors from UPR and pluripotency pathways interact and reciprocally influence each other. A transcription modulator, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein delta (C/EBPδ), interacts with pluripotency regulator, SOX2, and UPR transcription factors, thus likely serving as a link to coordinate UPR and pluripotency maintenance in CSCs. Our findings demonstrate that UPR is critical for both cancer growth and pluripotency, and highlight the differential role and complexity of the three UPR branches in tumorigenesis. [Display omitted] •UPR sensors are highly expressed in cancers and correlate with SOX2 and OCT4.•Inhibition/silencing of PERK and ATF6α strongly affect breast cancer growth and CSC.•An appropriate UPR level is required for the mammosphere formation and maintenance.•UPR and pluripotency pathways interact and influence each other.•C/EBPδ interacts with SOX2 and UPR transcription factors, modulating both pathways.