An Ultrasonic Adaptive Beamforming Method and Its Application for Trans-Skull Imaging of Certain Types of Head Injuries; Part II: Reception Mode and Adaptive Imaging

• Published in: IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering Vol. 70; no. 2; pp. 544 - 552
• Main Authors: Shapoori, Kiyanoosh, Sinclair, Anthony N., Maev, Roman Gr
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.02.2023; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Acoustic properties; Acoustics; Adaptive algorithms; Algorithms; Array signal processing; Beamforming; Craniocerebral Trauma; Focusing; Head; Head injuries; Humans; Imaging; Injuries; Phantoms; Phantoms, Imaging; Phased arrays; Reflectors; Skull; Skull - diagnostic imaging; skull-induced phase aberration; Sonograms; Time lag; Timing; trans-skull adaptive imaging; traumatic brain injury; Ultrasonic adaptive beamforming; Ultrasonic imaging; Ultrasonics; Ultrasonography - methods; Ultrasound; ultrasound phased array
• ISSN: 0018-9294; 1558-2531
• DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2022.3197168

Objective: Background theory and a new algorithm for single-point adaptive focusing in transmission mode through ultrasonic barriers via one-dimensional phased arrays were reported in part I. In this paper the algorithm is further extended and implemented into a full adaptive beamforming process, including complete transmission and reception modes. Methods: Corrected time delay patterns, adapted to the local acoustical and geometrical properties of the barrier, are calculated and applied in both modes. Further, an adaptive imaging process is also developed that implements the proposed beamforming process for two-dimensional imaging through randomly shaped multilayered phase-aberrating structures. The method is optimized for the case of human skull as the ultrasound barrier and its application for transcranial imaging is discussed. Results: Laboratory results of adaptive imaging through realistic skull-mimicking phantoms are presented. The algorithms are implemented on a 64-channel ultrasound open-source phased array platform controlling a standard 128-element biomedical phased array. Irregularly shaped reflectors with characteristic dimensions of the order of ∼0.5 mm to ∼4.5 mm were used as targets behind the skull phantoms in our experiments. Minimum and maximum distortional target displacements of 2.2 mm and 25.3 mm (in 12 cm depth) were observed in sonograms when uncompensated time delays were used. By contrast, the positioning errors ranged from 0.0 to 0.9 mm when our algorithm was employed. Conclusion and Significance: The adaptive imaging results demonstrate strong potential of the proposed technique for diagnostic imaging of acoustically reflective head injuries directly through intact human skull.