Ionic liquids in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

• Published in: TrAC, Trends in analytical chemistry (Regular ed.) Vol. 51; pp. 87 - 106
• Main Authors: Trujillo-Rodríguez, María J., Rocío-Bautista, Priscilla, Pino, Verónica, Afonso, Ana M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.11.2013
• Subjects: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; Ionic liquid; Metal; Microwave-assisted; Organic compound; Organic solvent; Preconcentration; Surfactant; Ultrasound-assisted; Vortex-assisted; PAR; Vortex-assisted; SPE; Microwave-assisted; Metal; Surfactant; FAAS; Pyrr; SDME; Ionic liquid; SPME; Ultrasound-assisted; Organic compound; Preconcentration; US; LOD; CIAME; EF; DNPH; RSD; VWD; IL; SDS; MS; FO-LADS; C16; Py; MW; ER; Vdrop; Cinitial; Vis-UV; FI-HG; MeOH; Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; OES; DLLME; FD; CRM; LPME; RR; 5-Br-PADAP; Im; LLE; EtOH; M; 1N2N; EFmax; C2; C3; C4; HYD; C6; C8; ETAAS; ESI; GC; HPLC; ISFME; CE; DDTP; 4-AAP; DAD; Vinitial; ACN; Cdrop; APDC; DDTC; BF4; Organic solvent; TMK; FAP; NTf2; PAH; ICP; GFAAS; 8-QOH
• ISSN: 0165-9936; 1879-3142
• DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.06.008

•Ionic liquids (ILs) applied in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME).•Dispersive solvents (organics, surfactants or hydrophilic ILs) not always needed.•Summary of determinations of metals and organic compounds in various samples.•IL-based surfactants can be used for solids analysis and in-situ IL-DLLME. In this review, we summarize the most recent analytical developments aimed at employing Ionic liquids (ILs) in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). Four main operation modes can be distinguished: (1) conventional IL-DLLME; (2) temperature-controlled IL-DLLME; (3a) ultrasound-assisted, (3b) microwave-assisted or (3c) vortex-assisted IL-DLLME; and, (4) in-situ IL-DLLME. In these modes, the dispersive solvent can be an organic solvent, a surfactant, or a hydrophilic IL. In some cases, a dispersive solvent is not even necessary. We discuss practical applications of IL-DLLME to determine metals and organic compounds in a variety of samples.