Forming spectroscopic massive protobinaries by disc fragmentation

• Published in: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Vol. 473; no. 3; pp. 3615 - 3637
• Main Authors: Meyer, D. M.-A., Kuiper, R., Kley, W., Johnston, K. G., Vorobyov, E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Oxford University Press 01.01.2018
• Subjects: Accretion disks; Binary stars; Bursts; Clumps; Companion stars; Computer simulation; Deposition; Fragmentation; Fragments; Massive stars; Observability (systems); Outbursts; Protostars; Spectroscopy; Star formation; Stellar cores; Stellar evolution; Viability; stars: massive; stars: protostars; methods: numerical; accretion, accretion discs
• ISSN: 0035-8711; 1365-2966
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx2551

Abstract The surroundings of massive protostars constitute an accretion disc which has numerically been shown to be subject to fragmentation and responsible for luminous accretion-driven outbursts. Moreover, it is suspected to produce close binary companions which will later strongly influence the star's future evolution in the Hertzsprung–Russel diagram. We present three-dimensional gravitation-radiation-hydrodynamic numerical simulations of 100 M⊙ pre-stellar cores. We find that accretion discs of young massive stars violently fragment without preventing the (highly variable) accretion of gaseous clumps on to the protostars. While acquiring the characteristics of a nascent low-mass companion, some disc fragments migrate on to the central massive protostar with dynamical properties showing that its final Keplerian orbit is close enough to constitute a close massive protobinary system, having a young high- and a low-mass components. We conclude on the viability of the disc fragmentation channel for the formation of such short-period binaries, and that both processes – close massive binary formation and accretion bursts – may happen at the same time. FU-Orionis-type bursts, such as observed in the young high-mass star S255IR−NIRS3, may not only indicate ongoing disc fragmentation, but also be considered as a tracer for the formation of close massive binaries – progenitors of the subsequent massive spectroscopic binaries – once the high-mass component of the system will enter the main-sequence phase of its evolution. Finally, we investigate the Atacama Large (sub-)Millimeter Array observability of the disc fragments.