An Integrated proteomic workflow for body fluid classification and single amino acid variant identification: Advancing towards body fluid source attribution

• Published in: Forensic science international : genetics Vol. 81; p. 103343
• Main Authors: Shehata, Thomas P., Alex, Shirin, van Lierop, Stijn N.C., Blom, Maarten J., van de Wetering -Tieleman, Jantine, Prust, Nadine, Demmers, Jeroen, de Puit, Marcel
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.02.2026
• Subjects: Body fluid classification; Forensic serology; Mass spectrometry; Pathology; Proteomics; Single amino acid variants; Body fluid classification; Single amino acid variants; Mass spectrometry; Forensic serology; Proteomics; Mass spectrometry Proteomics Body fluid classification Single amino acid variantsForensic serology
• ISSN: 1872-4973; 1878-0326; 1878-0326
• DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103343

A particularly challenging subject in the investigation of forensic human biological traces is analyzing samples containing mixtures of body fluids from multiple donors. Ideally, researchers want to identify each type of body fluid present. However, traditional methods, like mRNA and DNA profiling, often struggle with sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency, especially in complex mixtures. This proof-of-concept study has two primary aims: first, to classify body fluids within a mixture using discriminatory protein markers, and second, to evaluate the feasibility of using single amino acid variants (SAAVs) to trace the source of specific body fluids back to individual donors. To achieve this, we employed proteomic analysis via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode, developing a reliable approach for accurate body fluid classification. Through comprehensive proteomic profiling, we characterized a diverse array of discriminatory proteins present in peripheral blood, semen, saliva, urine, and vaginal fluid. Using advanced data analysis techniques, including t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), we demonstrated that these proteins could reliably distinguish between different body fluids, even in mixed samples. Additionally, our findings reveal that SAAVs within certain proteins, such as those in saliva, hold promise for source attribution in a forensic context. Challenges, including contamination and limited sample sizes, highlighted the need for strict quality controls and further large-scale studies. With these improvements, proteomic analysis could greatly enhance body fluid identification, classification, and source attribution in forensic investigations, improving both accuracy and reliability in forensic science. [Display omitted] •t-SNE showed proteins’ discriminatory potential for body fluid classification•75 % of body fluid mixtures were accurately classified using proteomics•Single amino acid polymorphisms show high potential for forensic source attribution