Smoke suppression, flame retardancy, and fire toxicity of polypropylene containing melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate halloysite

• Published in: Journal of vinyl & additive technology Vol. 29; no. 2; pp. 356 - 369
• Main Authors: Abdelkhalik, Aksam, Mahmoud, Manar, Nour, Mohamed A., Hassan, Mohamed A., Souaya, Eglal R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.03.2023
• Subjects: Burning rate; Combustion; Composite materials; Digital imaging; Emission analysis; fire toxicity; Flame propagation; Flame retardants; Flammability; Fourier transforms; Gas analyzers; High temperature; Infrared spectroscopy; intumescent flame retardants; Melamine; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Optical density; Polypropylene; Smoke; smoke suppression; Stability analysis; Thermal stability; Toxicity; Vapor phases
• ISSN: 1083-5601; 1548-0585
• DOI: 10.1002/vnl.21987

Polypropylene (PP) was melt blended with a new mono molecular intumescent flame retardant, melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate halloysite (MPPH) to enhance its thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression properties. The structure of MPPH was elucidated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H NMR, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis. PP composites results showed that MPPH increased the thermal stability of PP at high temperatures in all PP composites. The horizontal flammability test (UL94H) showed that MPPH stopped flame propagation in PP composites. Vertical burning rate test (UL94V) revealed that PP composites can attain V0 rating at loading levels 25, 30, and 35 wt.% of MPPH. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) data indicated that adding 20, 25, 30, and 35 wt.% of MPPH to PP increased the LOI value of PP (19.2%) to 27.1%, 32.5%, 35.4%, and 38.7%. MPPH succeeded in reducing the maximum specific optical density (Dsmax), mass specific optical density (MOD), and rate of smoke generation during the first 4 min (VOF4) of PP composites compared to PP alone. FTIR gas analyzer results revealed that MPPH decreased the emission of CO and CO2 in the gas phase during the combustion process. Digital photos and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of char residues remained after the smoke density test revealed that MPPH succeeded in forming a cellular and cohesive char layer on the PP surface. The new data is expected to increase the use of PP in rigid packaging applications. Application of melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate halloysite (MPPH) as a smoke supressant for polypropylene.