In situ and ex situ imaging of plant extracellular vesicles as nanovectors for cross‐domain communication

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometric, lipid membrane‐bound vesicles released outside the cell. Plants have not been traditionally regarded to have EVs due to the presence of a cell wall. However, since the mid‐1960s, EVs have been reported in various plant species. They are often shown as ves...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of phytopathology Vol. 169; no. 9; pp. 515 - 524
Main Author Kim, Ki Woo
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Berlin Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.09.2021
Subjects
Apoplast
Cell walls
Domains
Electron microscopy
exosomes
Extracellular vesicles
Fluorescence
Fungi
Interfaces
Lipids
Membrane vesicles
Membranes
Nucleic acids
Organs
Plant pathology
Plant species
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
Ultracentrifugation
Vesicles
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Summary:Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometric, lipid membrane‐bound vesicles released outside the cell. Plants have not been traditionally regarded to have EVs due to the presence of a cell wall. However, since the mid‐1960s, EVs have been reported in various plant species. They are often shown as vesicles in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that later fuse with the plasma membrane (PM). Plant EVs have been commonly visualized using electron microscopy. Using membrane‐spanning domains, plant EVs can be fluorescence‐detected. They were observed near the infection sites in host tissues attacked by pathogens or at the interfaces with symbiotic fungi. Plant EVs could be taken up by bacteria and fungi. Proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, including small ribonucleic acids (RNAs), were found in plant EVs. Plant EVs have been isolated from the symplast and apoplast of various organs and purified after density gradient ultracentrifugation. Improved protocols and technologies for EV visualization provide a basis for the future applications of EVs in plant pathology.
ISSN:0931-1785
1439-0434
DOI:10.1111/jph.13022