End-to-End Open Vocabulary Keyword Search With Multilingual Neural Representations

• Published in: IEEE/ACM transactions on audio, speech, and language processing Vol. 31; pp. 3070 - 3080
• Main Authors: Yusuf, Bolaji, Cernocky, Jan, Saraclar, Murat
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 2023; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: asr-free keyword search; Automatic speech recognition; Coders; Costs; Decoding; end-to-end keyword search; Indexing; Keyword search; keyword spotting; Keywords; Lattices; Queries; Recurrent neural networks; Searching; Speech recognition; spoken term detection; Training; Vocabulary; Voice recognition
• ISSN: 2329-9290; 2329-9304
• DOI: 10.1109/TASLP.2023.3301239

Conventional keyword search systems operate on automatic speech recognition (ASR) outputs, which causes them to have a complex indexing and search pipeline. This has led to interest in ASR-free approaches to simplify the search procedure. We recently proposed a neural ASR-free keyword search model which achieves competitive performance while maintaining an efficient and simplified pipeline, where queries and documents are encoded with a pair of recurrent neural network encoders and the encodings are combined with a dot-product. In this article, we extend this work with multilingual pretraining and detailed analysis of the model. Our experiments show that the proposed multilingual training significantly improves the model performance and that despite not matching a strong ASR-based conventional keyword search system for short queries and queries comprising in-vocabulary words, the proposed model outperforms the ASR-based system for long queries and queries that do not appear in the training data.