Rethinking sodium-ion anodes as nucleation layers for anode-free batteries

• Published in: Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for energy and sustainability Vol. 6; no. 46; pp. 23875 - 23884
• Main Authors: Cohn, Adam P., Metke, Thomas, Donohue, Jennifer, Muralidharan, Nitin, Share, Keith, Pint, Cary L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cambridge Royal Society of Chemistry 2018
• Subjects: Aluminum; Anodes; Batteries; Bismuth; Black carbon; Carbon black; Cathodes; Electrode materials; Electroplating; Energy efficiency; Graphitization; Heavy metals; Metals; Nucleation; Sodium
• ISSN: 2050-7488; 2050-7496
• DOI: 10.1039/C8TA05911J

Here we report a room-temperature sodium metal battery, where the sodium initially stored in a Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathode is plated, upon charging, onto an aluminum current collector coated with a thin nucleation layer. To maximize the battery performance, conventional sodium-ion anode materials, including non-graphitized carbons and sodium-alloying metals, were evaluated as nucleation layers to facilitate stable electroplating of sodium metal. Among several materials studied, carbon black and bismuth showed the highest sodium plating–stripping coulombic efficiencies in half-cell testing, averaging 99.9% and 99.85%, respectively, over 50 cycles at 0.5 mA cm −2 . Building on these findings, anode-free cells with Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathodes were assembled in a discharged state, demonstrating energy densities up to 318 W h kg −1 at 0.25 mA cm −2 (∼C/6), a first-cycle coulombic efficiency up to 92%, a stable discharge voltage at 3.35 V, an average round-trip energy efficiency of 98%, and a capacity retention of 82.5% after 100 cycles at 0.5 mA cm −2 (∼C/3). With its unique performance highlighted in this work, the anode-free sodium battery emerges as a low-cost, high-performance option for stationary electric storage.