Area and Power Efficient 10B6Q PAM-4 DC Balance Coder for Automotive Camera Link

• Published in: IEEE transactions on circuits and systems. II, Express briefs Vol. 69; no. 4; pp. 2056 - 2060
• Main Authors: Lee, Woonghee, Shim, Minkyo, Lee, Yunhee, Yang, Heejin, Shin, Soyeong, Choi, Woo-Seok, Jeong, Deog-Kyoon
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.04.2022; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: AC coupling; Area; Cameras; Circuits and systems; Clocks; Coders; Codes; Coding; DC balance; Decoding; Encoder; Encoders-Decoders; Encoding; Gate counting; PAM-4; Pulse amplitude modulation; Symbols; Table lookup
• ISSN: 1549-7747; 1558-3791
• DOI: 10.1109/TCSII.2022.3147774

We propose an area- and power-efficient four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) encoder/decoder for an AC coupled link system that guarantees DC balance and limited run length. Configured as 10B6Q, input data of 10 bits are mapped to 5 quaternary symbols. One of four candidate codewords that have inverted symbols at predefined positions is selected that best satisfies the requirements of DC balance and the number of transitions. One quaternary symbol is added at the end to indicate which candidate codeword is selected. This coding scheme not only guarantees the PAM-4 DC balance but also increases transition density from 75% (PRBS) to 85.6% and limits the maximum run length down to six, thus facilitating timing recovery of the receiver. Although the input data width of 10 bits is used in this implementation, the proposed scheme can be extended to wider input data with higher coding efficiency. The proposed 10B6Q encoder is fabricated in the 40 nm CMOS technology and occupies an active area of 0.0009 mm 2 with a synthesized gate count of 645. It consumes 0.23 mW at the operating clock frequency of 667 MHz.