DeepOPF: A Feasibility-Optimized Deep Neural Network Approach for AC Optimal Power Flow Problems

• Published in: IEEE systems journal Vol. 17; no. 1; pp. 673 - 683
• Main Authors: Pan, Xiang, Chen, Minghua, Zhao, Tianyu, Low, Steven H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.03.2023; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: AC optimal power flow; Alternating current; Artificial neural networks; Computing time; Deep learning; deep neural network (DNN); Flow equations; Independent variables; Iterative methods; Load modeling; Machine learning; Mathematical models; Neural networks; Power flow; Reactive power; Reliability; Solvers; Training; Voltage
• DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2022.3201041
• ISSN: 1932-8184

To cope with increasing uncertainty from renewable generation and flexible load, grid operators need to solve alternative current optimal power flow (AC-OPF) problems more frequently for efficient and reliable operation. In this article, we develop a deep neural network (DNN) approach, called DeepOPF, for solving AC-OPF problems in a fraction of the time used by conventional iterative solvers. A key difficulty for applying machine learning techniques for solving AC-OPF problems lies in ensuring that the obtained solutions respect the equality and inequality physical and operational constraints. Generalized a prediction-and-reconstruction procedure in our previous studies, DeepOPF first trains a DNN model to predict a set of independent operating variables and then directly compute the remaining ones by solving the power flow equations. Such an approach not only preserves the power-flow balance equality constraints but also reduces the number of variables to be predicted by the DNN, cutting down the number of neurons and training data needed. DeepOPF then employs a penalty approach with a zero-order gradient estimation technique in the training process toward guaranteeing the inequality constraints. We also drive a condition for tuning the DNN size according to the desired approximation accuracy, which measures its generalization capability. It provides theoretical justification for using DNN to solve AC-OPF problems. Simulation results for IEEE 30/118/300-bus and a synthetic 2000-bus test cases demonstrate the effectiveness of the penalty approach. They also show that DeepOPF speeds up the computing time by up to two orders of magnitude as compared to a state-of-the-art iterative solver, at the expense of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">< </tex-math></inline-formula>0.2% cost difference.