Sparse and Resilient Hierarchical Direct Load Control for Primary Frequency Response Improvement and Inter-Area Oscillations Damping

• Published in: IEEE transactions on power systems Vol. 33; no. 5; pp. 5309 - 5318
• Main Authors: Delavari, Atieh, Kamwa, Innocent
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.09.2018; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Communications systems; Control; Control theory; Damping; damping control; Demand; Demand response; Electric power distribution; Feedback loops; Frequency control; Frequency response; inter-area oscillations; Load flow control; Load modeling; low frequency oscillations; optimal load control; Oscillations; Power consumption; Power system dynamics; Power system stability; primary frequency response; Smart load; State feedback; Strategy; Structural hierarchy
• ISSN: 0885-8950; 1558-0679
• DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2795462

The aim of this paper is to define and develop an optimal hierarchical demand-side power-system primary-frequency control structure in order to provide a reliable complement to generator inertia and governor response while improving inter-area oscillation damping. This resilient optimal load control strategy utilizes both wide-area and local signals to guarantee that the system remains stable in the case of communication failures. In the device layer, we deal with demand-response and frequency regulation by minimizing the total disutility of consumers subject to power balance and frequency regulation over the network. In the supervisory layer, we handle the power system's electromechanical oscillations using an linear-quadratic regulator (LQR)-based state feedback scheme with sparsity promotion to achieve the necessary tradeoff between complexity and performance. Since the wide-area feedback loops are built on top of an existing decentralized load control strategy, this design approach creates a decentralized/hierarchical demand-side load-control structure with significant advantages in terms of reliability and operational flexibility. Our study clearly shows by simulation that a demand-side hierarchical load-control strategy has a significant potential for improving the dynamic performance of power systems, even when implemented with a limited number of measurement units and controlling less than <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">1\%</tex-math></inline-formula> of the total base load.