On the Compression and Blocking Distortion of Semiconductor-Based Varactors

• Published in: IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques Vol. 60; no. 12; pp. 3699 - 3709
• Main Authors: Huang, C., Buisman, K., Zampardi, P. J., Larson, L. E., de Vreede, L. C. N.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY IEEE 01.12.2012; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• Subjects: Applied sciences; Capacitance; Circuit properties; Distortion; Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits; Electronic circuits; Electronics; Exact sciences and technology; Frequency filters; Impedance; Low distortion; Microwave and submillimeter wave devices, electron transfer devices; Microwave circuits, microwave integrated circuits, microwave transmission lines, submillimeter wave circuits; microwave devices; power dependency; Radio frequency; RF circuits; Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices; Topology; varactor; Varactors; varicap; Microwave device; High Q factor; Worst case method; varicap; RF circuits; Frequency shift; Varactor diode; Volterra series; microwave devices; Tunable filter; Resonance frequency; Modulation; Capacitance; power dependency; Microwave resonator; varactor; Low distortion
• ISSN: 0018-9480; 1557-9670
• DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2012.2221139

The effective capacitance of variable reactors (varactors) can be modulated by the magnitude of applied RF signals, resulting in troublesome detuning issues in resonators constructed with these devices. In this paper, the fundamental causes behind these issues are investigated through the use of Volterra series. It is concluded that two major distortion mechanisms, namely, compression and blocking, are responsible for this effective capacitance change under RF excitation. In light of this observation, different varactor configurations are proposed and investigated, yielding novel devices with much smaller capacitance variation, typically on the order of ~0.1-0.5 compared to ~10-50 for conventional semiconductor-based varactors. With this improvement, the resonance frequency shift of a ~2-GHz resonator is decreased from ~300 to ~5 MHz for worst case conditions, a property essential to tunable high-Q filter applications. Among all analyzed structures, the varactor topology that facilitates cancelation of all important distortion products has been experimentally tested. These measurements demonstrate successful cancellation of both compression and blocking terms, resulting in capacitance variation below 0.5% in worst case scenarios.