Use of Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in a Multi-Technique Approach for Physical Characterization of Purple Urine Bag Syndrome

Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is a rare condition characterized by purple discoloration of urine and urine bags. Although it is benign, it represents an alarming symptom to the patients and their relatives because of purple discoloration. We have physically characterized urine and urine bags belo...

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Published inApplied sciences Vol. 12; no. 8; p. 4034
Main Authors Acri, Giuseppe, Sansotta, Carlo, Salmeri, Francesca Maria, Romeo, Marco, Ruello, Elisa V., Denaro, Lucia, Testagrossa, Barbara
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 01.04.2022
Subjects
Biofilms
Catheters
Chemical composition
Color
Cosmic rays
Discoloration
Dispersion
EDX
Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy
Lasers
Magnesium
Metabolism
Metabolites
Microorganisms
Morphology
multi-technique
Patients
Polyvinyl chloride
PUBS
Raman spectroscopy
Scanning electron microscopy
SEM
spectrometers
Tryptophan
Urine
Urogenital system
X-ray spectroscopy
United States > US
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Summary:Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is a rare condition characterized by purple discoloration of urine and urine bags. Although it is benign, it represents an alarming symptom to the patients and their relatives because of purple discoloration. We have physically characterized urine and urine bags belonging to a patient suffering from PUBS using an approach that combines Raman spectroscopy (RS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Five “blue” discolored bags and one sterile urine bag, representing the control, were cut into 1 cm2 square samples and analyzed by using RS and SEM + EDX technique. RS enabled us to identify the presence of indigo, a metabolite of tryptophan, while SEM analysis showed the biofilm deposit, probably due to the presence of microorganisms, and the EDX measurements exhibited the elemental composition of the bags. In particular, urine bags before and after the presence of PUBS urine showed an increase of ~32% of Cl, ~33% of O, ~667% of Ca, ~65% of Al and Mg, while C decreased by about 41%. Our results, to be taken as a proof-of-principle study, are promising for the aim to characterizing the urine bags in a flexible, inexpensive, and comprehensive manner.
ISSN:2076-3417
2076-3417
DOI:10.3390/app12084034