Biomedical Radar System for Real-Time Contactless Fall Detection and Indoor Localization

Fall incidents represent a major public health problem among elderly people. This resulted in a significant increase of the number of investigated systems aiming at detecting falls promptly. In this respect, in this work, a biomedical radar system is proposed for remote real-time fall detection and...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inIEEE journal of electromagnetics, RF and microwaves in medicine and biology Vol. 7; no. 4; pp. 1 - 10
Main Authors Mercuri, Marco, Soh, Ping Jack, Mehrjouseresht, Pouya, Crupi, Felice, Schreurs, Dominique
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Piscataway IEEE 01.12.2023
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subjects
Base stations
Contactless
Data processing
Fall detection
Localization
Location awareness
Monitoring
movement classification
Public health
Radar
Radar antennas
Radar equipment
radar remote sensing
Radar systems
Real time
real-time health monitoring
Real-time systems
Root-mean-square errors
Support vector machines
tagless localization
Wireless communications
zigbee communication
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Fall incidents represent a major public health problem among elderly people. This resulted in a significant increase of the number of investigated systems aiming at detecting falls promptly. In this respect, in this work, a biomedical radar system is proposed for remote real-time fall detection and indoor localization. The system, consisting of a sensor and a base station, combines radar and wireless communication techniques, and uses a data processing technique to distinguish between fall events and normal movements. The classification, based on a Least-Square Support Vector Machine (LS -SVM), combined with the sliding window principle allows to perform fall detection in real-time. Moreover, it is capable to localize the subjects when the fall incident has been detected. The in-vivo validation showed a high success rate in detecting fall events, with a maximum delay of 340 ms. Moreover, a maximum mean absolute errors (MAE) of 3.8 cm and a maximum root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 7.5 cm were reported in measuring the subject's absolute distance.
AbstractList Fall incidents represent a major public health problem among elderly people. This resulted in a significant increase of the number of investigated systems aiming at detecting falls promptly. In this respect, in this work, a biomedical radar system is proposed for remote real-time fall detection and indoor localization. The system, consisting of a sensor and a base station, combines radar and wireless communication techniques, and uses a data processing technique to distinguish between fall events and normal movements. The classification, based on a Least-Square Support Vector Machine (LS -SVM), combined with the sliding window principle allows to perform fall detection in real-time. Moreover, it is capable to localize the subjects when the fall incident has been detected. The in-vivo validation showed a high success rate in detecting fall events, with a maximum delay of 340 ms. Moreover, a maximum mean absolute errors (MAE) of 3.8 cm and a maximum root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 7.5 cm were reported in measuring the subject's absolute distance.
Fall incidents represent a major public health problem among elderly people. This resulted in a significant increase of the number of investigated systems aiming at detecting falls promptly. In this respect, in this work, a biomedical radar system is proposed for remote real-time fall detection and indoor localization. The system, consisting of a sensor and a base station, combines radar and wireless communication techniques, and uses a data processing technique to distinguish between fall events and normal movements. The classification, based on a Least-Square Support Vector Machine (LS -SVM), combined with the sliding window principle allows to perform fall detection in real-time. Moreover, it is capable to localize the subjects when the fall incident has been detected. The in-vivo validation showed a high success rate in detecting fall events, with a maximum delay of 340 ms. Moreover, a maximum mean absolute errors (MAE) of 3.8 cm and a maximum root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 7.5 cm were reported in measuring the subject's absolute distance.
Author Soh, Ping Jack
Mercuri, Marco
Schreurs, Dominique
Mehrjouseresht, Pouya
Crupi, Felice
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Marco
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2384-1107
  surname: Mercuri
  fullname: Mercuri, Marco
  organization: Dipartimento di Informatica, Modellistica, Elettronica e Sistemistica (DIMES), University of Calabria, Arcavacata  di  Rende  (CS), Italy
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Ping Jack
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6394-5330
  surname: Soh
  fullname: Soh, Ping Jack
  organization: Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Pouya
  surname: Mehrjouseresht
  fullname: Mehrjouseresht, Pouya
  organization: Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Felice
  orcidid: 0000-0002-5011-6621
  surname: Crupi
  fullname: Crupi, Felice
  organization: Dipartimento di Informatica, Modellistica, Elettronica e Sistemistica (DIMES), University of Calabria, Arcavacata  di  Rende  (CS), Italy
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Dominique
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4018-7936
  surname: Schreurs
  fullname: Schreurs, Dominique
  organization: Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
BookMark eNp9kEFLAzEQhYNUsNb-AMFDwPPWbJLdJEetrVYqQq3gbUmzs5Cy3dQkPdRf764tIh48zTC892bmO0e9xjWA0GVKRmlK1M3TZPE8ooSyEaNCcsFOUJ_yXCWCZqL303N1hoYhrAkhqZBUcd5H73fWbaC0Rtd4oUvt8es-RNjgynm8AF0nS7sBPHZN1CbWEAKe6rrG9xDBROsarJsSz5rStfq5a2Psp-7mF-i00nWA4bEO0Nt0shw_JvOXh9n4dp6Y9oCYKAZGZKCUzEpGTJZxWKWVXFHNc1NSIZSRsjJZngsjK8VW0iiuWSlFqyC0YgN0fcjdevexgxCLtdv5pl1ZUKkoE3lO8laVHlTGuxA8VMXW2432-yIlRcew6BgWHcPiyLD1iD8eY-P3b9FrW__rvDo4LQD82pSyXErOvgDuI4BC
CODEN IJERLV
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1038_s44172_024_00194_4
crossref_primary_10_1109_OJEMB_2024_3397208
crossref_primary_10_1109_JERM_2024_3409423
crossref_primary_10_1109_TBME_2024_3463199
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_024_19830_4
crossref_primary_10_3390_bioengineering12030244
crossref_primary_10_3390_s23208459
Cites_doi 10.1109/TBME.2009.2030171
10.1109/MWSYM.2013.6697702
10.1109/JSEN.2020.2967100
10.1109/TMTT.2013.2247619
10.1109/MeMeA.2018.8438759
10.3390/s20123489
10.3390/s22051721
10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.12.001
10.1109/iws52775.2021.9499555
10.1109/JBHI.2020.3027967
10.1109/MWSYM.2016.7540121
10.1109/JERM.2017.2735241
10.1049/el.2012.2499
10.1109/JIOT.2020.3004046
10.1258/1357633054068946
10.1109/JSEN.2022.3184513
10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.09.012
10.1109/EUSIPCO.2016.7760614
10.1109/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9014123
10.1109/JMW.2020.3030722
10.1109/TMTT.2019.2933199
10.1109/ICASSP.2010.5495512
10.3390/electronics9030389
10.1016/j.sigpro.2014.04.007
10.1109/TMTT.2008.2007139
10.1109/JERM.2022.3143431
10.1109/TBCAS.2016.2647560
10.1109/TBME.2014.2367038
10.2106/00004623-200503000-00001
10.1109/JBHI.2014.2361252
10.1038/s41928-019-0260-z
10.1109/TMTT.2014.2320464
10.1109/TMTT.2017.2768363
10.1109/TAES.2017.2740098
10.1186/s12877-015-0031-2
10.1038/s41598-022-11671-1
10.1109/EMBC.2012.6345918
10.1109/TMTT.2004.837153
10.3390/ijerph19169788
10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5627368
10.1109/MWSYM.2019.8701012
10.1109/TMTT.2004.823552
10.1109/MWSYM.2013.6697778
10.1109/TBCAS.2018.2813013
10.1109/LSSC.2019.2951423
10.1109/TMTT.2009.2017254
10.1109/EMBC.2015.7319509
10.1109/JSSC.2017.2764051
10.1017/CBO9780511722233
10.1038/s41928-019-0258-6
10.1109/TMTT.2019.2941189
10.1109/TMTT.2016.2633352
10.1056/NEJM199606273342606
10.1109/JIOT.2021.3051580
10.1109/TMTT.2007.895653
10.1109/RADAR.2008.4721121
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2023
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2023
DBID 97E
RIA
RIE
AAYXX
CITATION
7SP
8FD
L7M
DOI 10.1109/JERM.2023.3278473
DatabaseName IEEE Xplore (IEEE)
IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present
IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
CrossRef
Electronics & Communications Abstracts
Technology Research Database
Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Technology Research Database
Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
Electronics & Communications Abstracts
DatabaseTitleList
Technology Research Database
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: RIE
  name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
  sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Physics
Public Health
EISSN 2469-7257
EndPage 10
ExternalDocumentID 10_1109_JERM_2023_3278473
10136884
Genre orig-research
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: FWO-Flanders
– fundername: European ECSEL project NextPerception
GroupedDBID 0R~
6IK
97E
AAJGR
AARMG
AASAJ
AAWTH
ABAZT
ABQJQ
ABVLG
AGQYO
AHBIQ
AKJIK
AKQYR
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ATWAV
BEFXN
BFFAM
BGNUA
BKEBE
BPEOZ
EBS
IFIPE
JAVBF
OCL
RIA
RIE
AAYXX
CITATION
EJD
RIG
7SP
8FD
L7M
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c294t-93ec75e9985d30c554eb1f8b2a46cd2779c88fc5667c8f93b8c94a3d872a402f3
IEDL.DBID RIE
ISSN 2469-7249
IngestDate Mon Jun 30 05:27:06 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 03:13:26 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:04:33 EDT 2025
Wed Aug 27 02:18:19 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 4
Language English
License https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c294t-93ec75e9985d30c554eb1f8b2a46cd2779c88fc5667c8f93b8c94a3d872a402f3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ORCID 0000-0002-4018-7936
0000-0002-5011-6621
0000-0002-6394-5330
0000-0002-2384-1107
0000-0003-4248-1095
PQID 2892376606
PQPubID 4437235
PageCount 10
ParticipantIDs crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_JERM_2023_3278473
ieee_primary_10136884
crossref_primary_10_1109_JERM_2023_3278473
proquest_journals_2892376606
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2023-12-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2023-12-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 12
  year: 2023
  text: 2023-12-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Piscataway
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Piscataway
PublicationTitle IEEE journal of electromagnetics, RF and microwaves in medicine and biology
PublicationTitleAbbrev JERM
PublicationYear 2023
Publisher IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml – name: IEEE
– name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References ref13
ref57
ref12
ref56
William (ref8) 1998
ref15
ref59
ref14
ref58
ref53
ref52
ref11
ref55
ref54
(ref6) 2027
ref17
ref16
ref19
ref18
ref50
Liang (ref66) 2014
ref46
ref45
ref48
ref47
ref42
ref41
ref44
ref43
Liu (ref36) 2019
ref49
(ref1) 2021
ref4
ref3
ref5
ref40
ref35
ref34
ref37
ref31
ref30
Karsmakers (ref51) 2012
ref33
ref32
ref39
ref38
Depeursinge (ref9) 2001
Zhang (ref10) 2006; 6
ref24
ref23
ref26
ref25
ref20
ref64
ref63
ref22
ref21
ref65
ref28
ref27
ref29
ref60
Dejaeger (ref2) 2009; 40
ref62
ref61
Lord (ref7) 1991
References_xml – ident: ref15
  doi: 10.1109/TBME.2009.2030171
– ident: ref42
  doi: 10.1109/MWSYM.2013.6697702
– ident: ref54
  doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2967100
– ident: ref29
  doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2013.2247619
– ident: ref31
  doi: 10.1109/MeMeA.2018.8438759
– ident: ref32
  doi: 10.3390/s20123489
– ident: ref57
  doi: 10.3390/s22051721
– start-page: 1151
  volume-title: Proc. IEEE 20th Annu. Int. Conf. Eng. Med. Biol. Soc
  year: 1998
  ident: ref8
  article-title: A smart fall and activity monitor to telecare applications
– ident: ref12
  doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.12.001
– ident: ref62
  doi: 10.1109/iws52775.2021.9499555
– ident: ref55
  doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2020.3027967
– ident: ref59
  doi: 10.1109/MWSYM.2016.7540121
– ident: ref18
  doi: 10.1109/JERM.2017.2735241
– ident: ref28
  doi: 10.1049/el.2012.2499
– ident: ref48
  doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.3004046
– ident: ref13
  doi: 10.1258/1357633054068946
– start-page: 202
  volume-title: Proc. IEEE 9th Eur. Radar Conf.
  year: 2012
  ident: ref51
  article-title: Automatic in-door fall detection based on microwave radar measurements
– ident: ref56
  doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3184513
– ident: ref11
  doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.09.012
– ident: ref60
  doi: 10.1109/EUSIPCO.2016.7760614
– ident: ref61
  doi: 10.1109/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9014123
– ident: ref17
  doi: 10.1109/JMW.2020.3030722
– ident: ref30
  doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2019.2933199
– ident: ref14
  doi: 10.1109/ICASSP.2010.5495512
– ident: ref46
  doi: 10.3390/electronics9030389
– ident: ref47
  doi: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2014.04.007
– ident: ref21
  doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2008.2007139
– ident: ref49
  doi: 10.1109/JERM.2022.3143431
– ident: ref25
  doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2016.2647560
– ident: ref52
  doi: 10.1109/TBME.2014.2367038
– start-page: 166
  volume-title: Proc. IEEE ISSCC Dig. Tech Papers
  year: 2019
  ident: ref36
  article-title: 9.3 A680 $\mu$W burst-chirp UWB radar transceiver for vital signs and occupancy sensing up to 15 m distance
– ident: ref5
  doi: 10.2106/00004623-200503000-00001
– ident: ref58
  doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2014.2361252
– ident: ref19
  doi: 10.1038/s41928-019-0260-z
– volume: 6
  start-page: 227
  issue: 10
  year: 2006
  ident: ref10
  article-title: Fall detection by embedding an accelerometer in cellphone and using KFD algorithm
  publication-title: Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Secur.
– year: 2021
  ident: ref1
  article-title: Step safely: Strategies for preventing and managing falls across the life-course. world health organization
– ident: ref34
  doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2014.2320464
– ident: ref27
  doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2017.2768363
– ident: ref53
  doi: 10.1109/TAES.2017.2740098
– ident: ref64
  doi: 10.1186/s12877-015-0031-2
– ident: ref39
  doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11671-1
– ident: ref50
  doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6345918
– year: 2001
  ident: ref9
  article-title: Device for monitoring the activity of a person and/or detecting a fall
– start-page: 947
  volume-title: Proc. Asia-Pacific Microw. Conf.
  year: 2014
  ident: ref66
  article-title: Analysis of a fall detection radar placed on the ceiling and wall
– ident: ref24
  doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2004.837153
– ident: ref65
  doi: 10.3390/ijerph19169788
– ident: ref16
  doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5627368
– ident: ref35
  doi: 10.1109/MWSYM.2019.8701012
– volume-title: Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) Market by Product (Software, Services, Devices, Cardiology, Neurological, BP Monitors, Neonatal, Weight, Temperature, Neuro)
  year: 2027
  ident: ref6
– ident: ref22
  doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2004.823552
– ident: ref23
  doi: 10.1109/MWSYM.2013.6697778
– ident: ref26
  doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2018.2813013
– ident: ref37
  doi: 10.1109/LSSC.2019.2951423
– ident: ref45
  doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2009.2017254
– ident: ref44
  doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2015.7319509
– ident: ref43
  doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2017.2764051
– ident: ref3
  doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511722233
– volume: 40
  start-page: 262
  issue: 6
  year: 2009
  ident: ref2
  article-title: Recurrent falling, osteoporosis and sarcopenia, three major problems, an integrated approach
  publication-title: J. Gerontologie Geriatrie
– ident: ref38
  doi: 10.1038/s41928-019-0258-6
– ident: ref41
  doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2019.2941189
– ident: ref33
  doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2016.2633352
– ident: ref4
  doi: 10.1056/NEJM199606273342606
– ident: ref63
  doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3051580
– start-page: 1938
  volume-title: Proc. IEEE Ann. Int. Conf. Eng. Med. Biol. Soc
  year: 1991
  ident: ref7
  article-title: Early mortality after hip fracture: Is delay before surgery important
– ident: ref20
  doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2007.895653
– ident: ref40
  doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2008.4721121
SSID ssj0001782944
Score 2.2981813
Snippet Fall incidents represent a major public health problem among elderly people. This resulted in a significant increase of the number of investigated systems...
SourceID proquest
crossref
ieee
SourceType Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 1
SubjectTerms Base stations
Contactless
Data processing
Fall detection
Localization
Location awareness
Monitoring
movement classification
Public health
Radar
Radar antennas
Radar equipment
radar remote sensing
Radar systems
Real time
real-time health monitoring
Real-time systems
Root-mean-square errors
Support vector machines
tagless localization
Wireless communications
zigbee communication
Title Biomedical Radar System for Real-Time Contactless Fall Detection and Indoor Localization
URI https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10136884
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2892376606
Volume 7
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV07T8MwELZoJSQW3ohCQR6YkBLSOontkUerUtEOFUjdIr-yUKWoTRd-PXdOylMgtgznyLqzfd_Z990RcpFra5nCm3uhWBBz3QmEYy7QMXdMJS6JUuQOj8bp4CkeTpNpTVb3XBjnnE8-cyF--rd8OzcrvCqDHd5hqRBxgzQgcqvIWh8XKuDrpG_e2oWQL-AQV9SvmJ1IXg17k1GIrcJDhk9tnH3xQ76xyo_T2LuY_g4ZrydXZZY8h6tSh-b1W93Gf89-l2zXYJNeV6tjj2y4Yp9s-qRPszwg0xvPvUcz0YmyakGr-uUUgCydAIIMkCBCsYCVMrCmlkvaV7MZvXOlT-AqqCosvS_sHOQf0CnWpM5D8tTvPd4OgrrTQmBAZ2UgmTM8cRB6JZZFBiAGHOG50F0Vp8Z2OZdGiNwA9ONG5JJpYWSsmBUcJKJuzo5Is5gX7phQl1hAGUoqADoIDoTGDliJ4dKmSsu8RaK13jNTlyHHbhizzIcjkczQVBmaKqtN1SKX70Neqhocfwkfouo_CVZab5H22rpZvU2XGUSbmBUEQdzJL8NOyRb-vUpgaZNmuVi5M4AhpT73y-8NtH3XEQ
linkProvider IEEE
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1LT-MwEB4trFZwAXYXRHn6sKeVkk3rJLaPsFAVaHuoQOot8isXqhS16YVfz4yTwj60K245jBVrxvZ8Y883A_CtNM5xTTf3UvMoFaYbSc99ZFLhuc58luTEHR6N88FDejvNpi1ZPXBhvPch-czH9Bne8t3cruiqDHd4l-dSphvwER1_1m3oWm9XKujtVGjf2sOgLxIYWbTvmN1E_bi9noxiahYec3psE_w3TxRaq_x1Hgcn09-F8Xp6TW7JY7yqTWyf_6jc-O7578FOCzfZRbM-PsMHX32BTyHt0y6_wvQysO_JUGyinV6wpoI5QyjLJoghI6KIMCphpS2uquWS9fVsxq58HVK4KqYrx24qN0f5IbnFlta5Dw_96_ufg6jttRBZ1FkdKe6tyDwGX5njiUWQgYd4KU1Pp7l1PSGUlbK0CP6ElaXiRlqVau6kQImkV_ID2KzmlT8E5jOHOEMrjVCH4IE01AMrs0K5XBtVdiBZ672wbSFy6ocxK0JAkqiCTFWQqYrWVB34_jrkqanC8T_hfVL9L4KN1jtwsrZu0W7UZYHxJuUFYRh39I9h57A1uB8Ni-HN-O4YtulPTTrLCWzWi5U_RVBSm7OwFF8AGa7aWg
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biomedical+Radar+System+for+Real-Time+Contactless+Fall+Detection+and+Indoor+Localization&rft.jtitle=IEEE+journal+of+electromagnetics%2C+RF+and+microwaves+in+medicine+and+biology&rft.au=Mercuri%2C+Marco&rft.au=Soh%2C+Ping+Jack&rft.au=Mehrjouseresht%2C+Pouya&rft.au=Crupi%2C+Felice&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+Inc.+%28IEEE%29&rft.issn=2469-7249&rft.eissn=2469-7257&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=303&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FJERM.2023.3278473&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2469-7249&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2469-7249&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2469-7249&client=summon