A salient vector field-driven part orientation selection for multi-axis 3D printing

• Published in: Computer aided design Vol. 184; p. 103877
• Main Authors: Jayakody, Don Pubudu Vishwana Joseph, Lau, Tak Yu, Kim, Hyunyoung, Tang, Kai, Thomas-Seale, Lauren E.J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.07.2025
• Subjects: Curved layer process planning; Part orientation optimisation; Reeb graph; Salient map; Shape analysis; Tool orientation vector field; Shape analysis; Curved layer process planning; Reeb graph; Tool orientation vector field; Salient map; Part orientation optimisation
• ISSN: 0010-4485
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cad.2025.103877

•A new salient feature map is proposed to find critical points with respect to multi-axis tool orientation.•A relationship between the tool orientation compliance and the part orientation is revealed through a vector field-based approach.•A direct technique to compute a volumetric iso-tool orientation vector field for multi-axis tool path design. Part orientation is a crucial element that governs the impact of several manufacturing constraints in material extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM). Although part orientation optimisation has been extensively investigated to improve the manufacturability in 2.5-axis AM configuration, its influence on material extrusion-based multi-axis AM remains underdetermined. In this paper, we propose a computational framework to find the optimal part orientation that maximises the compliance of the tool orientation vector field with respect to several constraints required for support-free multi-axis AM. By combining topological significance, mesh saliency and curvedness metrics, we introduce a new salient feature map to formulate the link between the part orientation and the tool orientation vector field compliance. Once the optimal orientation is computed, our method enables a direct computation of a compliant iso-tool orientation vector field for a set of input iso-tool path points. We demonstrate that the part orientation can indeed be changed to minimise tool angle variation whilst adhering to overhang angle constraints for a range of 3D mesh models. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by comparing our method with existing tool orientation vector field design methods. Our promising results reveal the potential in part orientation optimisation as a means to address manufacturing constraints in multi-axis tool path design.