The Effect of Air Relative Humidity on the Drying Process of Sanitary Ware at Low Temperature: An Experimental Study

• Published in: Processes Vol. 11; no. 11; p. 3112
• Main Authors: Gomez, Ricardo S., Gomes, Kelly C., Gurgel, José M., Alves, Laís B., Queiroga, Raissa A., Magalhães, Hortência L. F., Pinheiro, Larissa S. S., Silva, Elaine J. C., Oliveira, Dauany S., Moreira, Henry W. D., Brito, Herllange C., Delgado, João M. P. Q., Lima, Antonio G. B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.11.2023
• Subjects: Air temperature; Ceramic industry; Ceramic materials; Ceramics; Climate change; Controlled conditions; Drying; Energy consumption; Evaporation; Experiments; Force and energy; Fractures; High temperature; Humidity; Influence; Low temperature; Manufacturing; Moisture content; Moisture removal; Plumbing fixtures; Production processes; Quality management; Raw materials; Relative humidity; Sanitary ware; Temperature; Thermal energy; Toilet facilities; Toilets; Water content; Brazil
• ISSN: 2227-9717; 2227-9717
• DOI: 10.3390/pr11113112

Drying is a thermodynamic process in which the moisture contained in the solid is removed by evaporation through the supply of an appreciable amount of thermal energy. It is recognized as a critical and intricate stage in the manufacturing process of ceramic materials. In general, drying at higher temperatures and lower air-relative humidity provokes severe hydric, thermal, and mechanical fractures in the ceramic parts, thus reducing product quality after the process. Then, this process must be realized under controlled conditions. From an industrial point of view, the drying process of sanitary ware takes place in two stages: drying at low temperatures (less than 40 °C) and drying at high temperatures (above 50 °C). Thus, the purpose of this work is to experimentally investigate the drying process at low temperatures in sanitary toilets. Drying experiments were conducted in an oven with the same temperature (35 °C) and different relative humidity of the drying air. The results of the moisture content, temperature, and dimension variations along the process, as well as drying and heating rates, are reported and analyzed. The results indicate that the higher the air’s relative humidity, the slower the moisture removal. Herein, aspects of the product quality after the drying process are also discussed.