Optimization of Direct Convolution Algorithms on ARM Processors for Deep Learning Inference

• Published in: Mathematics (Basel) Vol. 13; no. 5; p. 787
• Main Authors: Li, Shang, Yu, Fei, Zhang, Shankou, Yin, Huige, Lin, Hairong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.03.2025
• Subjects: Algebra; Algorithms; ARMv8 architecture; Artificial intelligence; Convolution; Deep learning; direct algorithm; Efficiency; Inference; Innovations; Libraries; Linear algebra; Mathematical optimization; Multiplication; Network management systems; Neural networks; Optimization; Optimization techniques; Performance evaluation; performance optimization; Personal computers
• ISSN: 2227-7390; 2227-7390
• DOI: 10.3390/math13050787

In deep learning, convolutional layers typically bear the majority of the computational workload and are often the primary contributors to performance bottlenecks. The widely used convolution algorithm is based on the IM2COL transform to take advantage of the highly optimized GEMM (General Matrix Multiplication) kernel acceleration, using the highly optimized BLAS (Basic Linear Algebra Subroutine) library, which tends to incur additional memory overhead. Recent studies have indicated that direct convolution approaches can outperform traditional convolution implementations without additional memory overhead. In this paper, we propose a high-performance implementation of the direct convolution algorithm for inference that preserves the channel-first data layout of the convolutional layer inputs/outputs. We evaluate the performance of our proposed algorithm on a multi-core ARM CPU platform and compare it with state-of-the-art convolution optimization techniques. Experimental results demonstrate that our new algorithm performs better across the evaluated scenarios and platforms.