Network-Coded Cooperative LoRa Network With D2D Communication

• Published in: IEEE internet of things journal Vol. 9; no. 7; pp. 4997 - 5008
• Main Authors: de Oliveira Alves, Luis Henrique, Rebelatto, Joao Luiz, Souza, Richard Demo, Brante, Glauber
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 01.04.2022; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Collision dynamics; Cooperative communications; Device-to-device communication; Fields (mathematics); Forward error correction; Interference; long range (LoRa); low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs); network coding; Outages; Power consumption; Power system reliability; Probability; Protocols; Receivers
• ISSN: 2327-4662; 2327-4662
• DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3107784

We evaluate the outage probability and the energy efficiency (EE) of a long range (LoRa) network when the end devices (EDs) are capable of exchanging messages with a device-to-device (D2D) technology. Our proposal is to assess the performance of the network when operating under the concept of network-coded cooperation (NCC), where the EDs are capable of transmitting linear combinations of more than one frame (including frames of another ED), performed over a nonbinary finite field. We consider both connection and collision probabilities when modeling the outage probability of an ED, as well as a realistic power consumption model to evaluate the EE. Our results indicate that the proposed scheme, which we refer to as NCC-LoRa, provides considerable gains in terms of both outage probability and EE when compared to a regular LoRa network, even when considering the additional consumption of D2D communication.