FreeRider: Non-Local Adaptive Network-on-Chip Routing with Packet-Carried Propagation of Congestion Information

• Published in: IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems Vol. 26; no. 8; pp. 2272 - 2285
• Main Authors: Liu, Shaoli, Chen, Tianshi, Li, Ling, Li, Xi, Zhang, Mingzhe, Wang, Chao, Meng, Haibo, Zhou, Xuehai, Chen, Yunji
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.08.2015; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Adaptive systems; Heuristic algorithms; Queuing theory; Routing; Solids; Throughput; Wires; Wiring; Networks-on-chip; routing algorithm; congestion awareness
• ISSN: 1045-9219; 1558-2183
• DOI: 10.1109/TPDS.2014.2345065

Non-local adaptive routing techniques, which utilize statuses of both local and distant links to make routing decisions, have recently been shown to be effective solutions for promoting the performance of Network-on-Chip (NoC). The essence of non-local adaptive routing was an additional network dedicated to propagate congestion information of distant links on the NoC. While the dedicated Congestion Propagation Network (CPN) helps routers to make promising routing decisions, it incurs additional wiring and power costs and becomes an unnecessary decoration when the load of NoC is light. Moreover, the CPN has to be extended if one would utilize more sophisticated congestion information to enhance the performance of NoC, bringing in even larger wiring and power costs. This paper proposes an innovative non-local adaptive routing technique called FreeRider, which does not use a dedicated CPN but instead leverages free bits in head flits of existing packets to carry and propagate rich congestion information without introducing additional wires or flits. In order to balance the network load, FreeRider adopts a novel three-stage strategy of output link selection, which adequately utilizes the propagated information to make routing decisions. Experimental results on both synthetic traffic patterns and application traces show that FreeRider achieves better throughput, shorter latency, and smaller power consumption than a state-of-the-art adaptive routing technique with dedicated CPN.